Towards a Future-Oriented Conceptual Framework for Mine Closure in Saudi Desert Environments: An Integrated Performance-Based Approach

Mine closure in arid and semi-arid environments faces persistent challenges due to extreme climatic conditions (fragile ecosystems, uneven hydrology, and high wind speeds) and long-term stability requirements. Particularly in mineral-rich countries like Saudi Arabia, closure approaches are more complex due to the disciplinary silos; regulatory frameworks are general and not easily adaptable. Therefore, this research communication proposes the Saudi Arid Mine Closure Standard (SAMCS), a conceptual, future-oriented, integrated, and performance-driven framework to address the existing gaps. The core objective of this framework is to support effective mine closure planning that has been proposed precisely through a comprehensive consideration and integration of governed Saudi mine closure policies and legislations. This approach standardises the closure criteria and makes the approach applicable to a wide range of mine sites with similar closure challenges. This approach integrates the standard closure principles, desert ecosystem typology, performance-based closure acceptance criteria, and a minimum closure evidence package to provide a systematic pathway to evaluate good mine closure. Moreover, this framework supports sustainable mine closure aligned with Saudi Vision 2030 reforms. This study further outlines the Saudi mine closure regulatory architecture; the role of the Competent Authority in reviewing environmental compliance, monitoring results, and closure certification.