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Spatial heterogeneity of population distribution in Poland: a geographically weighted regression approach to Zipf's law Cover

Spatial heterogeneity of population distribution in Poland: a geographically weighted regression approach to Zipf's law

Miscellanea Geographica
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By:   
Open Access
|Apr 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Population Plot of Powiats: 1995, 2004, 2020Source: Own elaboration based on data from: Statistics Poland 2022

Figure 2.

“The values of the natural logarithms of population on the horizontal-axis are plotted against its spatially lagged values on the vertical-axis in 1995, 2004 and 2020Source: Own elaboration based on data from: Statistics Poland 2022

Figure 3.

GWR Zipf coefficient estimationSource: Own elaboration based on data from: Statistics Poland 2022

Zipf coefficient estimation

199520042020
OLSSARSEMOLSSARSEMOLSSARSEM
Constant23.94***24.12***24.03***23.59***23.75***23.67***23.00***23.01***23.03***
Ln(P)−1.68***−1.68***−1.69***−1.65***−1.65***−1.66***−1.60***−1.60***−1.60***
Rho −0.026 −0.022 −0.001
Lambda 0.18** 0.17** 0.16**
N380380380380380380380380380
R-Squared0.950.950.950.950.950.950.940.940.94
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0047 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046
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Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 2, 2024
Accepted on: Sep 21, 2025
Published on: Apr 26, 2026
Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Zipf's law,
Pareto Exponent,
Poland
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography,
Geosciences, other

© 2026 Andrzej Cieślik, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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