The regional dimension of overeducation two decades after Poland's accession to the European Union

Grotkowska, Gabriela

The regional dimension of overeducation two decades after Poland's accession to the European Union

Miscellanea Geographica

Volume 29 (2025): Issue 4 (October 2025)

By: Gabriela Grotkowska

Open Access

|Sep 2025

Figures & Tables

Vertical match of education level and occupational requirements for 2004

Voivodship	Number of observations	General population (%)			Men (%)			Women (%)			Individuals aged up to 35 (%)			Difference in overeducation
Voivodship	Number of observations	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Women minus men	Individuals aged up to 35 minus general
Dolnośląskie	5027	57.17	19.91	22.92	59.36	22.87	17.77	54.57	16.41	29.03	56.12	24.13	19.75	−6.46	4.22
Kujawsko–Pomorskie	4929	56.66	17.22	26.11	60.42	18.72	20.87	52.15	15.43	32.42	55.17	21.53	23.3	−3.29	4.31
Lubelskie	6201	51.15	20.95	27.9	50.93	22.46	26.61	51.41	19.2	29.39	51.12	27.92	20.95	−3.26	6.97
Lubuskie	3563	57.76	19.2	23.04	59.69	21.64	18.67	55.34	16.13	28.53	55.57	23.31	21.11	−5.51	4.11
Łódzkie	6206	53.9	19.79	26.31	55.79	20.59	23.61	51.64	18.83	29.53	53.24	23.78	22.98	−1.76	3.99
Małopolskie	6656	56.6	21.26	22.15	59.78	22.82	17.4	52.89	19.44	27.67	56.12	25.68	18.2	−3.38	4.42
Mazowieckie	7021	54.44	18.06	27.5	57.37	20.45	22.18	51.16	15.38	33.45	53.88	22.59	23.52	−5.07	4.53
Opolskie	3095	59.06	16.83	24.1	61.33	19.54	19.13	56.32	13.56	30.12	56.59	21.03	22.38	−5.98	4.2
Podkarpackie	5532	55.55	24.17	20.28	57.71	24.96	17.33	53.08	23.27	23.65	55.44	28.25	16.31	−1.69	4.08
Podlaskie	3822	47.46	20.91	31.63	47.63	20.65	31.72	47.24	21.25	31.51	48.56	27.51	23.92	0.6	6.6
Pomorskie	4262	56.8	16.68	26.51	58.83	19.37	21.8	54.22	13.25	32.53	56.59	20.21	23.2	−6.12	3.53
Śląskie	6501	58.13	18.2	23.67	61.86	22.01	16.13	53.76	13.73	32.51	55.16	23.27	21.57	−8.28	5.07
Świętokrzyskie	4240	53.77	22.36	23.87	53.58	24.15	22.27	54.02	20.14	25.85	49.74	30.73	19.54	−4.01	8.37
Warmińsko–Mazurskie	3831	55.36	15.22	29.42	58.4	16.84	24.77	51.46	13.13	35.4	58.34	18.11	23.55	−3.71	2.89
Wielkopolskie	6673	59.42	15.99	24.59	62.85	17.34	19.81	54.99	14.25	30.76	56.67	21.36	21.97	−3.09	5.37
Zachodniopomorskie	3878	53.2	17.33	29.47	56.65	19.07	24.28	49.07	15.24	35.69	50	24.08	25.92	−3.83	6.75
Poland	81437	55.47	19.11	25.41	57.78	20.93	21.3	52.7	16.92	30.38	54.42	23.96	21.62	−4.01	4.85

Vertical match of education level and occupational requirements for 2023

Voivodship	Number of observations	General population (%)			Men (%)			Women (%)			Individuals aged up to 35 (%)			Difference in overeducation
Voivodship	Number of observations	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Matched	Overeducated	Undereducated	Women minus men	Individuals aged up to 35 minus general
Dolnośląskie	3310	60.69	16.83	22.48	58.98	21.45	19.56	62.48	11.99	25.53	57.6	16.56	25.83	−9.46	−0.27
Kujawsko–Pomorskie	4930	59.29	17.89	22.82	56.94	23.2	19.86	61.69	12.48	25.83	50.56	22.89	26.55	−10.72	5
Lubelskie	5532	55.93	24.62	19.45	50.92	30.9	18.19	61.19	18.04	20.78	49.3	27.73	22.97	−12.86	3.11
Lubuskie	5222	55.46	19.53	25.01	51.87	26.81	21.32	59.41	11.54	29.06	51.05	22.19	26.76	−15.27	2.66
Łódzkie	3680	57.23	20.03	22.74	54.62	24.26	21.13	60.07	15.43	24.5	48.73	25.98	25.29	−8.83	5.95
Małopolskie	4325	60.67	16.95	22.38	57.79	22.12	20.09	63.83	11.26	24.9	59.54	19.09	21.37	−10.86	2.14
Mazowieckie	10548	61.18	18.04	20.78	56.23	23.62	20.15	66.31	12.26	21.43	53.88	23.23	22.89	−11.36	5.19
Opolskie	4233	57.38	18.88	23.74	56	23.18	20.82	58.82	14.4	26.78	52.76	22.41	24.83	−8.78	3.53
Podkarpackie	5067	60.69	19.95	19.36	57.92	24.17	17.91	63.75	15.27	20.97	62.33	21.29	16.38	−8.9	1.34
Podlaskie	6335	52.83	27.55	19.62	47.49	32.97	19.55	59.2	21.09	19.71	44.14	38.43	17.43	−11.88	10.88
Pomorskie	4004	63.86	15.68	20.45	61.32	19.34	19.34	66.38	12.05	21.56	57.29	20.8	21.92	−7.29	5.12
Śląskie	6878	59.45	16.49	24.06	57.32	21.52	21.16	61.77	11	27.23	55.57	19.48	24.95	−10.52	2.99
Świętokrzyskie	5693	55.3	24.84	19.87	51.35	29.92	18.73	59.56	19.34	21.1	47.26	35.13	17.61	−10.58	10.29
Warmińsko–Mazurskie	4181	57.12	18.66	24.23	52.62	24.18	23.2	61.82	12.87	25.31	52.29	22.41	25.31	−11.31	3.75
Wielkopolskie	4522	61.01	19.02	19.97	58.51	23.52	17.97	63.88	13.86	22.26	58.09	23.01	18.9	−9.66	3.99
Zachodniopomorskie	3544	56.97	19.33	23.7	54.58	24.88	20.55	59.51	13.44	27.05	53.82	18.89	27.29	−11.44	−0.44
Poland	82004	58.43	19.82	21.75	55.01	25.05	19.93	62.11	14.19	23.71	53.28	24.13	22.59	−10.86	4.31

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0036 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046

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Language: English

Page range: 241 - 246

Submitted on: Apr 27, 2025

Accepted on: Jun 16, 2025

Published on: Sep 8, 2025

Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Overeducation,

job mismatch,

regional development disparities,

Related subjects:

© 2025 Gabriela Grotkowska, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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