Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Traces of German settlement in the modern-day cultural landscape of the Carpathians

By:
Open Access
|May 2025

References

  1. Bartos-Elekes, Zs 2024, ‘Romania’ in Minority place-name standardization. A comparison of regulations and approaches in Europe, ed. P Jordan, Springer, Cham, in preparation.
  2. Botík, J 2021, An ethnic history of Slovakia: Multi-ethnicity, minorities, and migrations, STIMUL, Bratislava.
  3. Bottesch, M, Grieshofer, F & Schabus, W (eds) 2002, Die siebenbürgischen Landler [The Transylvanian Landlers], 2 parts. Böhlau. Wien.
  4. Buza, M 1999, ‘Die Rumäniendeutschen und ihre Ortsnamen’ [‘The Romanian Germans and their place names’], Österreichische Osthefte, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 287–295.
  5. Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland 2022, List of minority place names in Poland. Available from: <http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/list_of_minority_names.pdf>. [24 September 2022].
  6. Czech Statistical Office 2024, Czech Demographic Handbook. Available from: <https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/czech-demographic-handbook-2022>. [24 September 2024].
  7. Czoernig, K Freiherr von 1855, Ethnographische Karte der Oesterreichischen Monarchie [Ethnographic map of the Austrian Monarchy], Direction der Administrativen Statistik, Wien.
  8. Eberhardt, P 2003, Ethnic groups and population changes in the Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe. History, data, and analysis, ME Sharpe, Armonk, London.
  9. Fabini, H & Orban, P 2004, Atlas der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen [Atlas of Transylvanian Saxon fortified churches and village churches], 6th edition, Monumenta, Sibiu/Hermannstadt.
  10. Fausel, E 1927, Das Zipser Deutschtum: Geschichte und Geschicke einer deutschen Sprachinsel im Zeitalter des Nationalismus [The Germans of the Zips: History and fates of a German language island in the age of nationalism], G Fischer, Jena.
  11. Gabanyi, AU 1994, ‘Die Deutschen in Rumänien: Exodus oder Neuanfang?’ [‘The Germans in Romania: exodus or new beginning?’] in Volksgruppen in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa [Ethnic groups in East-Central and Southeast Europe], eds G Brunner & H Lemberg, Nomos-Verlagsgesellschaft, Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, Baden-Baden, pp. 235–250.
  12. Girtler, R 1992, Verbannt und vergessen. Eine untergehende deutschsprachige Kultur in Rumänien [Banished and forgotten: A dying German-speaking culture in Romania], Veritas Verlag, Linz.
  13. Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Central Statistical Office 2008, Wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2002 w zakresie deklarowanej narodowości oraz języka używanego w domu [Results of the national census of population and housing 2002 in terms of declared nationality and the language used at home], Warszawa.
  14. Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Central Statistical Office 2015, Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski – Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 [Composition by national and ethnic identity, language and religion denomination of the population of Poland – National census of population and housing 2011], Warszawa.
  15. Gündisch, K 2019, ‘Etnici germani din România şi Basarabia’ [‘Ethnic Germans in Romania and Bessarabia’] in Cine sunt românii? Perspective asupra identităţii naţionale [Who are the Romanians? Perspectives on national identity], ed. V Boari, Editura Şcoala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, pp. 663–675.
  16. Hausleitner, M 2020, Von der Kooperation zur Konfrontation. Die Veränderungen in den Beziehungen zwischen Juden und Deutschen in der Bukowina 1910–1940 [From cooperation to confrontation: The changes in the relations between Jews and Germans in Bukovina 1910–1940], Osmikon. Das Forschungsportal zu Ost-, Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa, bereitgestellt vom Fachinformationsdienst Ost-, Ostmittel-und Südosteuropa. Available from: <https://www.osmikon.de/en/thematic-dossiers/shared-histories/jews-and-germans-in-bukovina-from-1910-1940>. [2 October 2024].
  17. Hofer, T 2012, Geographische Namen als Mittel raumbezogener Identitätsbildung – Das Beispiel der Zips [Geographical names as means of space-related identity building – The example of the Zips], Diploma thesis, University of Vienna.
  18. Hornyánsky, V 1858, Geographisches Lexikon des Königreiches Ungarn [Geographical lexicon of the Hungarian Kingdom], G Heckenast, Pest.
  19. Institutul Național de Statistică – National Institute of Statistics 2024, Recensământul populaţiei şi locuinţelor [Population and housing census]. Available from: <https://www.recensamantromania.ro/>. [27 September 2024].
  20. Ira, V 2024, ‘Slovakia’ in Minority place-name standardization. A comparison of regulations and approaches in Europe, ed. P Jordan, Springer, Cham, in preparation.
  21. Jordan, P 1998, ‘Romania’ in Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, eds ChP Paulston & D Peckham, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, Toronto, Sydney, Johannesburg, pp. 184–223.
  22. Jordan, P 2001, ‘Völker und ethnische Gruppen in Mittel- und Südosteuropa um 1910’ [‘Peoples and ethnic groups in Central and Southeastern Europe around 1910’] in Putzger. Historischer Weltatlas, eds E Bruckmüller & K Hartmann, Cornelsen, Berlin, p. 144.
  23. Jordan, P 2005, ‘Major problems of administrative regionalisation and decentralisation in Central and Southeast Europe’, Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geographica, vol. XXXVIII, no. 1, pp. 141–155.
  24. Jordan, P 2006a, ‘Das rumänische Ortsnamengesetz und seine Umsetzung im Vergleich mit Situationen in Österreich’ [‘The Romanian place-name law and its implementation in comparison with situations in Austria’], Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–20.
  25. Jordan, P 2006b, ‘Administrative regionalisation in Southeast Europe – Slow progress due to strong regional identities and cultural minorities?’ in South Eastern European Countries on their Way to Europe. Geographical aspects, ed R Henkel, Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig, pp. 39–59.
  26. Jordan, P 2010, Administrative subdivision of Central and Southeast Europe 2007 (Atlas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, 5.4–G10), Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
  27. Jordan, P & Kahl, Th 2006, ‘Ethnische Struktur’ [‘Ethnic structure’] in Rumänien. Raum und Bevölkerung, Geschichte und Geschichtsbilder, Kultur, Gesellschaft und Politik heute, Wirtschaft, Recht und Verfassung, Historische Regionen [Romania: Territory and population, history and historical perspectives, culture, society and politics today, economy, law and constitution, historical regions], eds Th Kahl, M Metzeltin & RM Ungureanu, LIT Verlag, Wien, Berlin, pp. 63–87.
  28. Jordan, P & Klemenčić, M (eds) 2004, Transcarpathia – bridgehead or periphery? Geopolitical and economic aspects and perspectives of a Ukrainian Region, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main.
  29. Jordan, P & Mácha, P, Marika Balode, Luděk Krtička, Uršula Obrusník, Pavel Pilch & Alexis Sancho Reinoso 2021, Place-name politics in multilingual areas. A comparative study of Southern Carinthia (Austria) and the Těšín/Cieszyn Region (Czechia), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  30. Kamusella, T 2021, Words in space and time. Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe, Central European University Press, Budapest, Vienna, New York.
  31. Kiss, T & Veress, I 2018, Minorităţi din România. Recensământ 2011 – procese demografice [Minorities in Romania. Census 2011 – demographic processes], Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale, Cluj-Napoca.
  32. Kocsis, K 1990, Language Distribution in Transylvania (Atlas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, 2.2–R3), Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
  33. Kocsis, K 1992, ‘Changing ethnic, religious and political patterns in the Carpatho-Balkan area’, Studies in Geography in Hungary, vol. 27, pp. 115–142.
  34. Kocsis, K 2000, Ethnic map of present territory of Slovakia [1:400,000], Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre of Earth Sciences, Geographical Research Institute; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Minority Studies Programme, Budapest.
  35. Kocsis, K 2001, Ethnic map of present territory of Transcarpathia (Subcarpathia) [1:266,000]. Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre of Earth Sciences, Geographical Research Institute; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Minority Studies Programme.
  36. Köpeczi B (ed.) 1990, Kurze Geschichte Siebenbürgens [A brief history of Transylvania], Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
  37. Krallert, W 1958, Atlas zur Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung [Atlas on the history of German settlement in the East], Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld, Berlin, Hannover.
  38. Kryžanowski, A & Kumaniecki, K 1915, Statystyka Polski [Polish statistics], Kraków.
  39. Limonta, T 2008, ‘I Tedeschi dei Siebenbürgen: una minoranza di frontiera’ [‘The Germans of Transylvania: a minority at the frontier’], Transylvanian Review, vol. XVII, no. 3, pp. 61–84.
  40. Livezeanu, I 1995, Cultural politics in Greater Romania. Regionalism, nation building and ethnic structure 1918–1930, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, London.
  41. Magyar Királyi Központi Statisztikai Hivatal – Hungarian Royal Central Statistical Office 1939, ‘Az 1938.évi felvidéki nép-, földbirtok- és állatösszeírás’ [‘The 1938 census of people, land holdings and livestock in the highlands’], Magyar Statisztikai Közlemények, vol. 108, pp. 48–75.
  42. Mally, F 1942, Die Deutschen in der Zips [The Germans in the Zips], Volk und Reich Verlag Prag, Amsterdam, Berlin, Wien.
  43. Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji – Ministry of the Interior and Administration of the Republic of Poland 2022, Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne oraz społeczność posługująca się językiem kaszubskim - liczebność (również wg województw) [National and ethnic minorities and the community using the Kashubian language – number (also by voivodship)]. Available from: <http://mniejszosci.narodowe.mswia.gov.pl/mne/mniejszosci/wyniki-narodowego-spis/6999,Mniejszosci-narodowe-i-etniczne-oraz-spolecznosc-poslugujaca-sie-jezykiem-kaszub.html>. [1 October 2022].
  44. Nägler, Th 1981, Aşezarea saşilor in Transilvania [Settlement of Saxons in Transylvania], Kriterion, Bucureşti.
  45. Offner, R 1995, ‘Zuwanderung von Zipsern nach Siebenbürgen – berühmte Zipser in Siebenbürgen’ in Spiš v kontinuite času [The Zips in the continuity of time], ed P Švorc, Universum, Prešov, Bratislava, Wien, pp. 83–90.
  46. Recktenwald, M & Pöss, O 2020, ‘Nemecká národnostná menšina’ [‘The German national minority’] in Národnostné menšiny – zoznámme sa [National minorities – let’s get to know each other], eds J Botík, E Hrušíková, H Zelinová, J Muráňová, J Klačka, A Radi, M Recktenwald, O Pöss, D Żuk-Olszewski, V Liashuk, A Plišková, A Horváthová, S Jovankovič, S Ribič, J Vook & P Mešťan, Štátny pedagogický ústav, Bratislava, pp. 51–59.
  47. Rónai, A 1939, ‘Új felvidéki határunk’ [‘Our new highland border’], Földrajzi Közlemények, vol. LXVII, no. 3, pp. 190–200.
  48. Rudolf, R, Ulreich, E & Zimmermann, F 1982, Zipser Land und Leute. Deutsche Siedlungsgeschichte unter der Hohen Tatra [Zips land and people. German settlement history under the High Tatras], Verlag der Karpatendeutschen Landsmannschaft in Österreich, Wien.
  49. Rumpler, H & Seger, M 2010, Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, Bd. IX/2: Soziale Strukturen. Die Gesellschaft der Habsburgermonarchie im Kartenbild. Verwaltungs-, Sozial-und Infrastrukturen. Nach dem Zensus von 1910 [The Habsburg Monarchy 1848–1918, Vol. IX/2: Social structures. The society of the Habsburg Monarchy reflected by maps. Administrative, social and infrastructures. According to the census of 1910], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien.
  50. Săgeată, R, Buza, M & Crăcea, T 2017, The Germans in Romania, with special regard to the Transylvanian Saxons, Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, vol. 159, pp. 297–322.
  51. Schabus, W 1996, Die Landler. Sprach- und Kulturkontakt in einer alt-österreichischen Enklave in Siebenbürgen (Rumänien) [The Landlers. Language and cultural contact in an old Austrian enclave in Transylvania (Romania)], Edition Praesens, Wien.
  52. Scharr, K 2010, Die Landschaft Bukowina. Das Werden einer Region an der Peripherie 1774–1918 [The landscape of Bukovina. The emergence of a region on the periphery 1774–1918], Böhlau. Wien, Köln, Weimar.
  53. Siwek, T 2024, ‘Czechia’ in Minority place-name standardization. A comparison of regulations and approaches in Europe, ed. P Jordan, Springer, Cham, in preparation.
  54. Sperling, W 1981, Tschechoslowakei. Beiträge zur Landeskunde Ostmitteleuropas [Contributions to regional studies of East-Central Europe], Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.
  55. Sperling, W 2008, Bäume und Wald in den geographischen Namen Mitteleuropas: Die böhmischen Länder [Trees and wood in the geographical names of Central Europe: the Bohemian Lands], Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig.
  56. State Statistics Service of Ukraine 2024. Available from: <https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/>. [30 June 2024].
  57. Švorc, P (ed.) 1995, Spiš v kontinuite času [The Zips in the continuity of time], Universum, Prešov, Bratislava, Wien.
  58. Szabó, M 2008, Ethnizität als Standortfaktor. Investitionsverhalten von deutschen und österreichischen Unternehmen in Hermannstadt (Sibiu/Hermannstadt) [Ethnicity as a location factor. Investment behavior of German and Austrian companies in Sibiu], Diploma thesis, University of Vienna.
  59. Thirring, L 1939, ‘A Ruténföld statisztikája’ [‘Statistics of Ruthenia’], Magyar Statisztikai Szemle, vol. 3, pp. 209–214.
  60. Wakar, W 1918, Rozwój terytorialny narodowości polskiej [Territorial development of Polish nationality], St. Święcki, Kielce.
  61. Wolf, J 2004, Development of ethnic structure in the Banat 1890–1992 (Atlas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, 2.8–H/R/YU1), Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
  62. Zych, M 2024, ‘Romania’, in Minority place-name standardization. A comparison of regulations and approaches in Europe, ed. P Jordan, Springer, Cham, in preparation.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0013 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046
Language: English
Page range: 127 - 139
Submitted on: Dec 2, 2024
Accepted on: Feb 17, 2025
Published on: May 28, 2025
Published by: University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Peter Jordan, published by University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.