Figure 1
The parallel system of Church and state in the European West as opposed to the ‘symphonia’ in the European East in the age of Charlemagne ad c.800 (Unpublished teaching material kindly provided by Friedrich Lachmayer)
Figure 2
Expansion of the Western (Franconian) societal system to newly settled peoples in Central Europe from the 8th century onward
Source: own elaboration
Figure 3
Balance of powers in the late Middle Ages and early Modern Age
Source: own elaboration based on eds. Goehrke and Gilly 2000
Figure 4
Europe subdivided into cultural macro-regions
Source: Jordan 2005a
Figure 5
GDP per capita in 1997 relative to highest-ranking countries at the time (i.e. 100 = Luxemburg, Switzerland)
Source: own elaboration after Good 1997
Figure 6
GDP per capita in 1870 relative to countries in 1997 and the highest-ranking country (i.e. 100 = United Kingdom)
Source: own elaboration after Good 1997
Figure 7
Corruption perceptions index 2020
Source: Transparency International 2021