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Trade wars and the changing international order: a crisis of globalization? Cover

Trade wars and the changing international order: a crisis of globalization?

Miscellanea Geographica
Volume 25 (2021): Issue 2 (April 2021)
By: Valentin Mihaylov and  Sławomir Sitek  
Open Access
|Apr 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Types of trade relations between countriesSource: elaborated by the authors
Types of trade relations between countriesSource: elaborated by the authors

Figure 2

Trade regulations between countries worldwide (2009–2018)Source: own elaboration based on Global Trade Alert data (www.globaltradealert.org)
Trade regulations between countries worldwide (2009–2018)Source: own elaboration based on Global Trade Alert data (www.globaltradealert.org)

Figure 3

Dynamics of EU–Russia trade in 2009–2018Source: own elaboration based on Eurostat data (https://ec.europa.eu)
Dynamics of EU–Russia trade in 2009–2018Source: own elaboration based on Eurostat data (https://ec.europa.eu)

Figure 4

Dynamics of trade of goods between USA and China, 1990–2018Source: own elaboration based on United States Census Bureau data (www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html)
Dynamics of trade of goods between USA and China, 1990–2018Source: own elaboration based on United States Census Bureau data (www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html)

Number of trade regulations introduced by all countries in the world for separate G20 members (2009–2018)

CountryTotal regulationsRestrictive HLiberalizing LDifference in number of regulations [H - L]Effectiveness of regulations ER, %
China8 9336 3942 5393 85543
Germany9 3466 3403 0063 33436
USA9 2896 1363 1532 98332
Italy8 8246 0232 8013 22237
France8 6535 8562 7973 05935
United Kingdom8 2405 6242 6163 00837
Republic of Korea8 1445 5292 6152 91436
Japan8 1095 4582 6512 80735
Canada7 5795 2642 3152 94939
Mexico6 4854 3082 1772 13133
Saudi Arabia2 3911 9201 01190938
South Africa5 1093 3251 7841 54130
Indonesia6 2694 0952 1741 92131
Argentina4 1592 7081 4511 25730
Australia5 7773 8421 9351 90733
India7 7785 1472 6312 51632
Brazil4 3934 3932 1792 21450
Turkey5 4403 7221 7182 00437
Russia4 8693 2611 6081 63334

Number of trade regulations introduced by G20 nation states toward all other states in the world (2009–2018)

CountryTotal regulationsRestrictive HLiberalizing LDifference in number of regulations [H - L]Effectiveness of regulations ER, %
China4 7812 8541 92792719
USA2 3842 0653191 74673
Germany1 9501 6083421 26665
India1 35295739556242
Brazil1 28874354519815
Russia1 17084332751944
United Kingdom1 11277034242838
Argentina1 07875931944041
Italy1 05371633737936
France1 02769033735334
Canada8677868170581
Australia8493564930936
Japan6826374559287
Indonesia61840321518830
Turkey46333512820745
South Africa43026816010825
Saudi Arabia3132862725983
Republic of Korea2902098112844
Mexico2891989110737
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0051 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046
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Language: English
Page range: 99 - 109
Submitted on: May 3, 2020
Accepted on: Jan 17, 2021
Published on: Apr 30, 2021
Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Geoeconomics,
geopolitics,
globalization,
G20,
trade wars
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography,
Geosciences, other

© 2021 Valentin Mihaylov, Sławomir Sitek, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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