Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Identifying the Climatic Conditions in Iraq by Tracking Down Cooling Events in the North Atlantic Ocean in the Period 3000–0 BC Cover

Identifying the Climatic Conditions in Iraq by Tracking Down Cooling Events in the North Atlantic Ocean in the Period 3000–0 BC

Open Access
|Sep 2014

References

  1. Bartov, Y, Goldstein, S, Stein, M & Enzel, Y 2003,‘Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events’,, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 439–442.
  2. Bond, G, Kromer, B, Beer, J, Muscheler, R, Evans, MN, Showers, W, Hoffmann, S, Lotti-Bond, R, Hajdas, I & Bonani, G 2001,‘Persistent solar infuence on north Atlantic climate during the Holocene’,, vol. 294, pp. 2130–2136.
  3. Bond, G, Kromer, B, Beer, J, Muscheler, R, Evans, MN, Showers, W, Hoffmann, S, Lotti-Bond, R, Hajdas, I & Bonani, G 2008,. IGBP PAGES/ World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 2008-018. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. Available from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/%20 data/paleo/contributions_by_author/bond2001/bond2001. txt”ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_ author/bond2001/bond2001.txt>. [22 November 2012].
  4. Cullen, HM & deMenocal, P 2000a,‘North Atlantic Infuence on Tigris-Euphrates Streamfow’,, vol. 20, pp. 853–863.
  5. Cullen, HM, deMenocal, PB, Hemming, S, Hemming, G, Brown, FH, Guilderson, T & Sirocko, F 2000b,‘Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: evidence from the deep sea’,, vol. 28, pp. 379–382.
  6. Cullen, H, Kaplan, A, Arkin, PA & Demenocal, P 2002,‘Impact of the north Atlantic oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and stream fow’,, vol. 55, pp. 315–338.
  7. El-Moslimany, AP 1983,, Ph.D Thesis, University of Washington.
  8. Fleitmann, D, Burns, SJ, Mangini, A, Mudesee, M, Kramers, J, Villa, L, Neff, U, Al-Subbary, AA, Buettner, A, Hippler, D & Matter, A 2007,‘Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra)’,, vol. 26, pp. 170–188.
  9. Hong, YT, Hong, B, Lin, QH, Zhu, YX, Shibata, Y, Hirota, M, Uchida, M, Leng. X, Jiang, H, Xu, H, Wang, H & Yi, L 2003,‘Correlation between Indian Ocean summer monsoon and North Atlantic climate during the Holocene’,, vol. 211, pp. 371–380.
  10. Hurrell, JW 1995,‘Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation’,, vol. 269, pp. 676–679.
  11. Hurrell, JW & Deser, C 2009,‘North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation’,, vol. 78, pp. 28–41.
  12. Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology, Department of climate,data(Unpublished data)
  13. Kaniewski, D, Paulissen, E, Van Campo, E, Weiss, H, Otto, T, Bretschneider, J & Van lerberghe, K 2010,‘Late second–early frst millennium BC abrupt climate changes in coastal Syria and their possible signifcance for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean’,, vol. 74, pp. 207–215.
  14. Keigwin, LD & Boyle, EA 2000,‘Detecting Holocene changes in thermohaline circulation’,, vol. 97, pp. 1343–1346.
  15. Kim, J, Meggers, H, Rimbu, N, Lohmann, G, Freudenthal, T, Muller, PJ & Schneider, RR 2007,‘Impacts of the North Atlantic gyre circulation on Holocene climate off northwest Africa’,, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 387–390.
  16. Kostopoulou, E & Jones, PD 2007,‘Comprehensive analysis of the climate variability in the eastern Mediterranean. Part II: relationships between atmospheric circulation patterns and surface climatic elements’,, vol. 27, pp. 1351–1371.
  17. Kwiecien, O, Arz, HW, Lamy, F, Plessen, B, Bahr, A & Haug, G 2009,‘North Atlantic control on precipitation pattern in the eastern Mediterranean / Black Sea region during the last glacial’,, vol. 71, pp. 375–384.
  18. Lamy, F, Arz, HW, Bond, GC, Bahr, A & Patzold, J 2006,‘Multicentennial-scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation’,, vol. 21, PA10008, pp. 1–11. Availble from: WILEY [21 February 2006].
  19. Lohmann, G, Lorenz, SJ & Prange, M 2005,‘Northern high-latitude climate changes during the Holocene as simulated by circulation models’,, vol. 158, pp. 273–288.
  20. Malinowski, JC (ed) 2003,, West Point, NY: United States Military Academy.
  21. Mayewski, PA, Rohling, E, Stager, JC, Karlén, W, Maasch, KA, Meeker, LD, Meyerson, EA, Gasse, F, Van Kreveld, S, Holmgren, K, Lee-Thorp, J, Rosqvist, G, Rack, F, Staubwasser, M, Schneider, RR & Steig, EJ 2004,‘Holocene climate variability’,, vol. 62, pp. 243– 255.
  22. Neumann, J & Parpola, S 1987,‘Climate change and the eleventh-tenth century eclipse of Assyria and Babylonian’,, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 161–182.
  23. Nieto-Moreno, V, Martinez-Ruiz, F, Giralt, S, Jiménez-Espejo, F, Gallego-Torres, D, Rodrigo-Gámiz, M, García-Orellana, J, Ortega-Huertas, M and de Lange, GJ 2011,‘Tracking climate variability in the western Mediterranean during the Late Holocene: a multiproxy approach’,, vol. 7, pp. 1395–1414. Available from: [21 February 2011].
  24. Possehl, G 1997,‘Climate and the eclipse of the ancient cities of the Indus’. In Third Millennium BC. Climate change and old world collapse, ed. H. Dalfes, G, Kukla, & H, Weiss, Heidelberg; Springer-Verlag, pp. 193–244.
  25. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planning, Control statically organization “part one, pp. 2010–2011.
  26. Rimbu, N, Lohmann, G, Kim, JH, Arz, HW & Schneider, R 2003,‘Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data’,, vol. 30, no 6, pp. 1–13.
  27. Rimbu, N, Lohmann, G, Lorenz, SJ, Kim, JH & Schneider, RR 2004,‘Holocene climate variability as derived from alkenone sea surface temperature and coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments’,, vol. 23, pp. 215–227.
  28. Roberts, N, Brayshaw, D, Kuzucuoglu, C, Perez, R & Sadori, L 2011,‘The mid-Holocene climatic transition in the Mediterranean: Causes and consequences’,, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 3–13.
  29. Susa, A 1963,, the frst section, Baghdad. (In Arabic)
  30. The Climate Data Guide: Hurrell North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index (station-based).” Available from: .
  31. Thamban, M, Kawahata, H & Rao, VP 2007,‘Indian summer Monsoon Variability during the Holocene as Recorded in Sediments of the Arabian Sea: Timing and Implications’,, vol. 63, pp. 1009–1020.
  32. Trouet, V, Esper, J, Graham, N, Baker, A, Scourse, J & Frank, D 2009,‘Persistent positive North Atlantic oscillation mode dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly’., vol. 324, pp. 78–80. Available from: . [22 November 2012].
  33. Visbeck, M, Chassignet, EP, Curry, R, Delworth, T, Dickson, B & Krahmann, G 2003,‘The ocean’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation variability, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Signifcance and Environmental Impact’, eds JW Hurrell, Y Kushnir, G Ottersen,, Washington, vol. 134, pp. 113–145.
  34. Visbeck, M, Cullen, H, Krahmann, G & Naik, N 1998,‘An oceans model’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation like wind forcing’,, vol. 25, no 24, pp. 4521–4524.
  35. Walker, M 2005,, Air Force Combat Climatology Center (AFCCC), Asheville, north Carolina.
  36. Wanner, H, Bronnimann, S, Casty, C, Gyalistras, D, Luterbacher, J, Schmutz, C, Stephenson, DB & Xoplaki, E 2001,‘North Atlantic Oscillation- concepts and studies’,, vol. 22, pp. 321–382.
  37. Weiss, H, Courty, MA, Wetterstrom, W, Guichard, F, Senior, L, Meadow, R & Curnow, A 1993,‘The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization’,, vol. 261, pp. 995–1004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0016 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046 (formerly 2084-6118)
Language: English
Page range: 40 - 46
Submitted on: May 31, 2013
Accepted on: Mar 25, 2014
Published on: Sep 30, 2014
Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2014 Khamis D. Muslih, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.