Regional prevalence and intensity of poverty in Slovakia in the context of polycrisis: An analysis using FGT indices
By: Anton Michálek
References
- Adjasi, C. K. D., & Osei, K. A. (2007). Poverty profile and correlates of poverty in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics, 34(7), 449–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290710760236
- Aguirregabiria, V. (2006). Decomposable poverty measures. In M. Odekon (Ed.), Encyclopedia of world poverty. Sage Publications.
- Agyepong, L., & Kuuwill, A. (2025). Determinants of poverty status, depth, and severity among agricultural households in Ghana. Scientific African, 30, e03017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03017
- Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2007). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement (OPHI Working Paper No. 7). Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford.
- Aristondo, O. (2018). Poverty decomposition in incidence, intensity and inequality: A review. Hacienda Pública Española/Review of Public Economics, 225(2), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.18.2.4
- Aristondo, O., & Onaindia, E. (2020). On measuring the sources of changes in poverty using the Shapley method: An application to Europe. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 383, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2018.12.011
- Atkinson, A. B. (1987). On the measurement of poverty. Econometrica, 55(4), 749–764. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911028
- Benedetti, I., & Crescenzi, F. (2023). The role of income poverty and inequality indicators at regional level: An evaluation for Italy and Germany. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 87, 101540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2023.101540
- Blackburn, M. L. (1989). Poverty measurement: An index related to a Theil measure of inequality. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 7(4), 475–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1989.10509760
- Bossert, W., Cato, S., & Kamaga, K. (2022). Generalized poverty-gap orderings. Social Indicators Research, 164(1), 189–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02950-5
- Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P., & Richardson, D. (2007). An index of child well-being in the European Union. Social Indicators Research, 80(1), 133–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9024-z
- Calvo, J., & Sánchez, C. (2011). Changes in the characteristics of Spanish poor households: Case of imputed rent. ERSA Conference Papers, ersa10p130. European Regional Science Association.
- Calvo, J. L., Cortiñas, P., & Sánchez, C. (2011). A study in Spanish regions' poverty: A new methodological perspective. In 51st Congress of the European Regional Science Association: New challenges for European regions and urban areas in a globalised world. European Regional Science Association.
- Ciommi, M., Gigliarano, C., & Chelli, F. M. (2021). Incidence, intensity and inequality of poverty in Italy. The Italian Journal of Economic, Demographic and Statistical Studies, 75(4), 31–41.
- Clark, S., Hemming, R., & Ulph, D. (1981). On indices for the measurement of poverty. The Economic Journal, 91(362), 515–526.
- Decancq, K., Goedemé, T., Van den Bosch, K., & Vanhille, J. (2014). The evolution of poverty in the European Union: Concepts, measurement, and data. In B. Cantillon & F. Vandenbroucke (Eds.), Reconciling work and poverty reduction: How successful are European welfare states? Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926589.003.0002
- Delamonica, E. E., & Minujin, A. (2007). Incidence, depth and severity of children in poverty. Social Indicators Research, 82(2), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9039-5
- Duncan, G., Gustafsson, B., Hauser, R., Schmauss, G., Messinger, H., Muffels, R., ..., & Ray, J. C. (1993). Poverty dynamics in eight countries. Journal of Population Economics, 6(3), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00163068
- Dunga, S. H. (2024). An analysis of poverty among the poor using the poverty depth measure. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 14(5), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.16469
- Eurostat (2024a). HICP – annual data; annual net earnings; at-risk-of-poverty rate [Data sets].
- Eurostat (2024b, October 15). Risk of poverty or social exclusion in regions. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20241015-1
- EÚ SILC (2023). Datacube – Príjmy a životné podmienky (EU SILC 2024): Indikátory chudoby a sociálneho vylúčenia. Štatistický úrad SR.
- Foster, J. E. (2006). Poverty indices. In A. de Janvry & R. Kanbur (Eds.), Poverty, inequality and development: Essays in honour of Erik Thorbecke (pp. 41–65). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29748-0_4
- Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica, 52(3), 761–766. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475
- Francis-Devine, B. (2025). Poverty in the UK: Statistics. House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07096/SN07096.pdf
- Hagenaars, A. (1987). A class of poverty indices. International Economic Review, 28(3), 583–607. https://doi.org/10.2307/2526568
- Haughton, J., & Khandker, S. R. (2009). Handbook on poverty and inequality. World Bank.
- Grusky, D. B., & Kanbur, R. (2006). Poverty and inequality. Stanford University Press.
- James, P., & Ziliak, J. P. (2006). Understanding poverty rates and gaps: Concepts, trends, and challenges. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, 1(3), 127–199. https://doi.org/10.1561/0700000009
- Jenkins, S. P. (2011). Changing fortunes: Income mobility and poverty dynamics in Britain. Oxford University Press.
- Jenkins, S. P., & Lambert, P. J. (1997). Three ‘I’s of poverty curves, with an analysis of UK poverty trends. Oxford Economic Papers, 49(3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a028611
- Kakwani, N. (1980). On a class of poverty measures. Econometrica, 48(2), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911106
- Kerr, R., Lightfoot, K., Moss, R. H., Sawsaa, A. F., McEachan, R. R. C., & Dogra, S. (2025). “They're making the rich richer and the poor poorer”: The UK cost of living crisis and social inequality. Journal of Poverty, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2025.2548774
- Klasen, S. (2018). Measuring poverty. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Klasen, S., & Launov, A. (2007). Conditional poverty gap. DIW Berlin. https://www.diw.de/documents/dokumentenarchiv/17/57512/paperklasen_launov.pdf
- Kyzyma, I. (2020). How poor are the poor? Looking beyond the binary measure of income poverty. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 18(4), 525–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-020-09453-8
- Makoka, D., & Kaplan, M. (2005). Poverty and vulnerability: An interdisciplinary approach (MPRA Paper No. 6964). University Library of Munich.
- Marletta, A., & Mussini, M. (2026). A decomposition of the change in total poverty gap. Journal of Official Statistics, 42(1), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0282423X251406647
- Milanovic, B. (2002). Do we tend to overestimate poverty gaps? The impact of equivalency scales on the calculation of the poverty gap. Applied Economics Letters, 9(2), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850110049397
- Morduch, J. (1998). Growth, poverty, and average exit time. Economics Letters, 59(3), 385–390.
- Múčka, Z., & Kandričák, M. (2025, December 2). Konsolidačný balíček utlmí ekonomiku nadlho. Rada pre rozpočtovú zodpovednosť. https://www.rrz.sk/konsolidacny-balicek-utlmi-ekonomiku-nadlho/
- Muñoz, J. F., Álvarez-Verdejo, E. A., & García-Fernández, R. M. (2018). On estimating the poverty gap and the poverty severity indices with auxiliary information. Sociological Methods & Research, 47(3), 598–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124115626178
- Osberg, L., & Xu, K. (1999). Poverty intensity: How well do Canadian provinces compare? Canadian Public Policy, 25(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/3551887
- Osberg, L., & Xu, K. (2000). International comparisons of poverty intensity: Index decomposition and bootstrap inference. Journal of Human Resources, 35(1), 51–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/146356
- Ogwang, T. (2022). The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke poverty measures reveal more. Social Indicators Research, 164(3), 1481–1503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-03001-9
- Ravallion, M. (2020). On measuring global poverty. Annual Review of Economics, 12, 167–188. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-022924
- Sen, A. K. (1976). Poverty: An ordinal approach to measurement. Econometrica, 44(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912718
- Social Protection Committee (2015). Portfolio of EU social indicators for the monitoring of progress towards the EU objective for social protection and social inclusion. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2767/929097
- Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2024). EU SILC 2023: Indikátory chudoby a sociálneho vylúčenia. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.
- Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2025). EU SILC 2024: Indikátory chudoby a sociálneho vylúčenia. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.
- Stevens, A. H. (1999). Climbing out of poverty, falling back in: Measuring the persistence of poverty over multiple spells. Journal of Human Resources, 34(3), 557–588.
- Thon, D. (1979). On measuring poverty. Review of Income and Wealth, 25(4), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00117.x
- Vera-Toscano, E., Shucksmith, M., Brown, D. L., & Brown, H. (2024). The rural–urban poverty gap in England after the 2008 financial crisis: Exploring the effects of budgetary cuts and welfare reforms. Regional Studies, 58(6), 1264–1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2235374
- Xu, K. (1998). Statistical inference for the Sen-Shorrocks-Thon index of poverty intensity. Journal of Income Distribution, 8(1), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6437(99)80009-2
- Zheng, B. (1997). Aggregate poverty measures. Journal of Economic Surveys, 11(2), 123–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00028
Language: English
Page range: 62 - 74
Submitted on: Oct 29, 2025
Accepted on: May 6, 2026
Published on: Jun 30, 2026
Published by: Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Anton Michálek, published by Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.