References
- Andalusian Energy Agency, AAE (2022). Datos energéticos de Andalucía 2022. https://www.agenciaandaluzadelaenergia.es/es/biblioteca/datosenergeticos-de-andalucia-2022-0
- Andalusian Energy Agency, AAE (2023). Anuario eólico 2023. https://aeeolica.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AEE_ANUARIOEOLICO_2023_LIBRO-DIGITAL.pdf
- Andersen, N., Eriksson, O., Hillman, K., & Wallhagen, M. (2016). Wind Turbines’ End-of-Life: Quantification and Characterisation of Future Waste Materials on a National Level. Energies, 9(12), 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9120999
- Albers, H., Greiner, S., Seifert, H., & Kühne, U. (2009) Recycling of wind turbine rotor blades. Fact or fiction? DEWI-Magazin. https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/21214142
- Al-Mulali, U., Solarin, S. A., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Investigating the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Natural Hazards, 80, 1729–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2050-x
- Balotari-Chiebáo, F., & Byholm, P. (2024). Quantifying land impacts of wind energy: a regional-scale assessment in Finland. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05048-9
- Barral, M. A., Iglesias-Pascual, R., García, R., & Prados, M.-J. (2019). Planificación, participación e innovación social en los paisajes de las energías renovables. Estudios Geográficos, 80(289). https://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/748/834
- Batel, S., & Devine-Wright, P. (2017). Energy colonialism and the role of the global in local responses to new energy infrastructures in the UK: A critical and exploratory empirical analysis. Antipode, 49(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12261
- Bezbradica, M., Kerkvliet, H., Borbolla, I. M., & Lehtimäki, P. (2016). Introducing multi-criteria decision analysis for wind farm repowering: A case study on Gotland. In 2016 International Conference Multidisciplinary Engineering Design Optimization (MEDO) (pp. 1–8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEDO.2016.7746546
- Clementi, L. V. (2019). Tribulaciones de la primera generación eólica argentina: un análisis a partir de los parques de Mayor Buratovich y Centenario en el sur Bonaerense. http://hdl.handle.net/11336/132251
- Conaway, J. (2017). Be Aggressive with Wind Energy: Blow Away the Decommissioning Fears. Oil and Gas, Natural Resources, and Energy Journal, 2(6). https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=onej
- Contreras, J. S., & Matarán Ruíz, A. (2023). Colonialismo energético. Territorios de sacrificio para la transición energética corporativa en Espańa, México, Noruega y el Sáhara Occidental. Icaria.
- Cooperman, A., Eberle, A., & Lantz, E. (2021). Wind turbine blade material in the United States: Quantities, costs, and end-of-life options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 168, 105439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105439
- Darabi, S., Masoud Monavari, S., Ali Jozi, S., Rahimi, R., & Alireza Vafaeinejad, A. (2022). Visual impact assessment of renewable energy developments with the application of multi-criteria decision-making method. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 4437–4451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02209-6
- Delaney, E. L., Leahy, P. G., McKinley, J. M., Gentry, T. R., Nagle, A. J., Elberling, J., & Bank, L. C. (2023). Sustainability Implications of Current Approaches to End-of-Life of Wind Turbine Blades—A Review. Sustainability, 15(16), 12557. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612557
- De Simón-Martín, M., Ciria-Garcés, T., Rosales-Asensio, E., & González-Martínez, A. (2022). Multi-dimensional barrier identification for wind farm repowering in Spain through an expert judgment approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112387
- De Simón-Martín, M., de la Puente-Gil, Á., Borge-Diez, D., Ciria-Garcés, T., & González-Martínez, A. (2019). Wind energy planning for a sustainable transition to a decarbonized generation scenario based on the opportunity cost of the wind energy: Spanish Iberian Peninsula as case study. Energy Procedia, 157, 1144–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.282
- Díaz, P. (2013). Energía eólica y territorio. Potencialidades para la Implantación eólica en Andalucía. Tesis doctoral. Inédita. Universidad de Sevilla.
- Díaz-Cuevas, P., Fernández, A., & Pita, M. F. (2016). Wind energy and landscape. Identification and quantification of landscapes affected by wind farms in Andalusia. Boletín De La Asociación De Geógrafos Espańoles, 71. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2288
- Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
- Eldiario.es (2020). Cómo las palas de aerogeneradores terminan en el vertedero en Espańa. https://www.eldiario.es/ballenablanca/365_dias/palas-aerogeneradores-terminan-vertedero-espana_1_6030579.html
- Eurostat (2023). Energy statistical countries datasheets. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/data-and-analysis/eu-energy-statistical-pocketbook-and-country-datasheets_en#country-datasheets
- European Commision, EC (2023a). Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. European Wind Power Action Plan. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52023DC0669
- European Commision, EC (2023b). Directive (EU) 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202302413
- Frantál, B., Frolova, M., & Lińán-Chacón, J. (2023). Conceptualizing the patterns of land use conflicts in wind energy development: Towards a typology and implications for practice. Energy Research and Social Science, 95, 102907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102907
- Frolova, M., Espejo Marín, C., Baraja Rodríguez, E., & Prados Velasco, M. J. (2014). Emerging renewable energy landscapes in Spain. Boletín De La Asociación De Geógrafos Espańoles, 66. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.1788
- Frolova, M., Osorio-Aravena, J. C, Pérez-Pérez, B., & Pasqualetti, M. J. (2025). Abandoning renewable energy projects in Europe and South America: An emerging consideration in the recycling of energy landscapes. Energy for Sustainable Development, 85, 101676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101676
- Fuchs, C., Kasten, J., & Vent, M. (2020). Current state and future prospective of repowering wind turbines: an economic analysis. Energies, 13(12), 3048. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123048
- Gobiernocanarias.org (2024). Mariano Zapata: “El comienzo del desmantelamiento del parque eólico de Montańa Mina será inminente”. https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/noticias/marianozapata-el-desmantelamiento-del-parque-eolico-de-montana-minasera-inminente
- Grau, L., Jung, C., & Schindler, D. (2021). Sounding out the repowering potential of wind energy–A scenario-based assessment from Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, 126094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126094
- Huso, M., Conkling, T., Dalthorp, D., Davis, M., Smith, H., Fesnock, A., & Katzner, T. (2021). Relative energy production determines effect of repowering on wildlife mortality at wind energy facilities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(6), 1284–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13853
- Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia (IECA) (2022). Ortofotografía aérea de Andalucía, 2020. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/mapwms/REDIAM_Ortofoto_2020
- Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia (IECA) (2023). Datos de Referencia de Andalucía https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadisticaycartografia/dega/
- International Electrotechnical Commission (2005). UNE EN IEC Standard 61400-1 wind turbines – Part 1: design requirements.
- International Institute for Law and the Environment, IIDMA (2023). La planificación para el despliegue ordenado de renovables en Espańa: Análisis de Casos. https://iidma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Briefing-Renovables-1.pdf
- Jani, H. K., Kachhwaha, S. S., Nagababu, G., & Das, A. (2022). A brief review on recycling and reuse of wind turbine blade materials. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62(13), 7124–7130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.049
- Jefferson, M. (2018). Safeguarding rural landscapes in the new era of energy transition to a low carbon future. Energy Research & Social Science, 37, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.005
- Jiménez, D., Valdes, K., González, R., & Montero-Prado, P. (2022). Planificación para la reutilización y reciclaje de las palas de aerogeneradores de fibra de vidrio y carbono. I+D Tecnológico, 18(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.33412/idt.v18.2.3695
- Lacal-Arántegui, R., Uihlein, A., & Yusta, J. M. (2020). Technology effects in repowering wind turbines. Wind Energy, 23(3), 660–675. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2450
- Lacelotdigital.com (2023). Esta es la situación del abandonado parque eólico de Montańa Mina. https://www.lancelotdigital.com/lanzarote/esta-es-la-situacion-del-abandonado-parque-eolico-de-montana-mina
- Lichtenegger, G., Rentizelas, A. A., Trivyza, N., & Siegl, S. (2020). Offshore and onshore wind turbine blade waste material forecast at a regional level in Europe until 2050. Waste management, 106, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.018
- Liu, P., & Barlow, C. Y. (2017). Wind turbine blade waste in 2050. Waste Management, 62, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.007
- Majewski, P., Florin, N., Jit, J., & Stewart, R. A. (2022). End-of-life policy considerations for wind turbine blades. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 164, 112538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112538
- Márquez-Sobrino, P. (2024). Evolución y perspectiva de la normativa de gestión de residuos en las instalaciones de energía renovable. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 9, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-845
- Martini, R., & Xydis, G. (2023). Repurposing and recycling wind turbine blades in the United States. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 42(1), e13932. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13932
- Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge (MITECO) (2021). National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (NIECP) 2021–2030. https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/pniec.html
- MITECO (2022). PERTE en Economía Circular 2022. https://www.prtr.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/prtr/es/perte/perteenec_alta_tcm30-537896.pdf
- MITECO (2023a). National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (NIECP) 2023–2030. https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/energia/estrategia-normativa/pniec-23-30.html
- MITECO (2023b). Map of environmental sensitivity zoning for wind energy in Spain 2023.
- Moustakas, A., Georgiakakis, P., Kret, E., & Kapsalis, E. (2023). Wind turbine power and land cover effects on cumulative bat deaths. Science of The Total Environment, 164536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164536
- Normann, S. (2021). Green colonialism in the Nordic context: Exploring Southern Saami representations of wind energy development. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(1), 77–94. http://do.org/10.1002/jcop.22422
- Nowakoski, G. A., & Loomis, D. G. (2023). The Power of Economies of Scale: A Wind Industry Case Study. Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 42(3), 491–528. https://doi.org/10.13052/spee1048-5236.4234
- Ortegon, K., Nies, L. F., & Sutherland, J. W. (2013). Preparing for end of service life of wind turbines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 39, 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.08.022
- Pérez-Pérez, B., Díaz-Cuevas, P., Márquez-Sobrino, P., & Camarillo-Naranjo, J. M. (2024). La energía eólica en Andalucía. Incidencia en los espacios naturales, el paisaje y el territorio. Hacia una generación distribuida? Estudios geográficos, 85(297), 12. http://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.2024.1147
- Poggi, F., Firmino, A., & Amado, M. (2015). Moving Forward on Sustainable Energy Transitions: The Smart Rural Model. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(2), 43. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2015.v4n2p43
- Poggi, F., Firmino, A., & Amado, M. (2018). Planning renewable energy in rural areas: Impacts on occupation and land use. Energy, 155, 630–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.009
- Ragheb M. (2020). Decommissioning wind turbines. https://mragheb.com/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Decommisioning%20Wind%20Turbines.pdf
- Red Eléctrica de Espańa, REE (2025). Informe del Sistema Eléctrico 2024: Potencia Instalada. https://www.sistemaelectrico-ree.es/informe-delsistema-electrico/potencia-instalada.
- Revilla-Cuesta, V., Skaf, M., Ortega-Lopez, V., & Manso, J. M. (2023). Raw-crushed wind-turbine blade: Waste characterization and suitability for use in concrete production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 198, 107160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107160
- Rodríguez-Sojo, J. (2022) El mapa de la electricidad en Espańa: qué comunidades producen más energía y cuáles son las mayores consumidoras? Cadena SER. https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2022/08/05/el-mapa-de-la-electricidad-en-espana-que-comunidades-producen-masenergia-y-cuales-son-las-mayores-consumidoras-cadena-ser
- Sarkodie, S. A., & Adams, S. (2018). Renewable energy, nuclear energy, and environmental pollution: accounting for political institutional quality in South Africa. Science of the total environment, 643, 1590–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.320
- Serri, L., Lembo, E., Airoldi, D., Gelli, C., & Beccarello, M. (2018). Wind energy plants repowering potential in Italy: technical-economic assessment. Renewable energy, 115, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.031
- Silverman, B. W. (1986). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315140919
- Smallwood, K. S. (2017). The challenges of addressing wildlife impacts when repowering wind energy projects. In J. Köppel (Ed.), Wind Energy and Wildlife Interactions: Presentations from the CWW2015 Conference (pp. 175–187). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51272-3_10
- Solbrekke, I. M., & Sorteberg, A. (2024). Norwegian offshore wind power – Spatial planning using multi-criteria decision analysis. Wind Energy, 27(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2871
- Szumilas-Kowalczyk, H., Pevzner, N., & Giedych, R. (2020). Long-term visual impacts of aging infrastructure: Challenges of decommissioning wind power infrastructure and a survey of alternative strategies. Renewable Energy, 150, 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.143
- Tazi, N., Kim, J., Bouzidi, Y., Chatelet, E., & Liu, G. (2019). Waste and material flow analysis in the end-of-life wind energy system. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 145, 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.039
- Tegou, L.-I., Polatidis, H., & Haralambopoulos, D. A. (2010). Environmental management framework for wind farm siting: Methodology and case study. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(11), 2134–2147. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.010
- The Wind Power. https://www.thewindpower.net/
- Unnewehr, J. F., Jalbout, E., Jung, C., Schindler, D., & Weidlich, A. (2021). Getting more with less? Why repowering onshore wind farms does not always lead to more wind power generation–A German case study. Renewable energy, 180, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.056
- van der Meulen, T. H., Bastein, T., Swamy, S. K., Saraswati, N., & Joustra, J. (2020). Offshore wind farm decommissioning. An orientation of possible economic activity in the south Holland Region and the Rotterdam Port Area. https://smartport.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SmPo_TNO-Offshore-windpark-decommissioningeng_final.pdf
- Windemer, R. (2019). Considering time in land use planning: An assessment of end-of-life decision making for commercially managed onshore wind schemes. Land Use Policy, 87, 104024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104024
- Windemer, R., & Cowell, R. (2021). Are the impacts of wind energy reversible? Critically reviewing the research literature, the governance challenges and presenting an agenda for social science. Energy Research & Social Science, 79, 102162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102162
- WindEurope (2020a). Decommissioning of Onshore Wind Turbines. Industry Guidance Document. WindEurope-decommissioning-ofonshore-wind-turbines.pdf
- WindEurope (2020b). Working towards a European standard for decommissioning wind turbines. https://windeurope.org/newsroom/news/working-towards-a-european-standard-for-decommissioning-wind-turbines/
- WindEurope (2020c). Circular Economy: Blade recycling is a top priority for the wind industry. https://windeurope.org/newsroom/news/blade-recycling-a-top-priority-for-the-wind-industry/
- Yue C.-D., & Wang S.-S. (2006). GIS-based evaluation of multifarious local renewable energy sources: a case study of the Chigu area of southwestern Taiwan. Energy Policy, 34(6), 730–742. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.07.003