Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Compact and polycentric urban forms as intertwined concepts: Learning from the impacts of Covid–19 retail restrictions on spatial (in)equalities in Brno (Czech Republic) Cover

Compact and polycentric urban forms as intertwined concepts: Learning from the impacts of Covid–19 retail restrictions on spatial (in)equalities in Brno (Czech Republic)

By: Marek Lichter and  Jiří Malý  
Open Access
|Oct 2023

References

  1. Allam, Z., Bibri, S. E., Chabaud, D., & Moreno, C. (2022). The ‘15-Minute City’ concept can shape a net-zero urban future. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 126(9), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01145-0
  2. Artmann, M., Inostroza, L., & Fan, P. (2019). Urban sprawl, compact urban development and green cities. How much do we know, how much do we agree?. Ecological indicators, 96(2), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.059
  3. Ancell, S., & Thompson-Fawcett, M. (2008). The social sustainability of medium density housing: A conceptual model and christchurch case study. Housing Studies, 23(3), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030802029990
  4. Bailey, N., & Turok, I. (2001). Central Scotland as a polycentric urban region: useful planning concept or Chimera? Urban Studies, 38(4) 697–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120035295
  5. Belšán, E., & Niebauer, D. (2020). Constitutional Court complaint 867/2020. https://www.senat.cz/dokumenty/pdf.php?id=eff346d340bcdbfec9450ba063339383
  6. Berry, B. J. L. (1964). Cities as systems within systems of cities. Papers of the Regional Science, 13(1), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01942566
  7. Bohuslavová, R. (2020, November, 22). Blatný: Vánoce můžeme prožít ve stupni PES 3, tedy s otevřenými obchody a hospodami. CNN Prima News. https://cnn.iprima.cz/blatny-vanoce-bychom-mohli-prozit-vestupni-pes-tri-13802
  8. Boussauw, K., Neutens, T., & Witlox, F. (2012). Relationship between Spatial Proximity and Travel-to-Work Distance: The Effect of the Compact City. Regional Studies, 46(6), 687–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.522986
  9. British Academy (2021). The Covid Decade: Understanding the Long-Term Societal Impacts of COVID-19. The British Academy. https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publications/covid-decade-understanding-the-long-term-societal-impacts-of-covid-19/
  10. Burton, E. (2000). The Compact City: Just or Just Compact?. A Preliminary Analysis. Urban Studies, 37(11), 1969–2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980050162184
  11. Burton, E. (2002). Measuring urban compactness in UK towns and cities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 29(2), 219–250. https://doi.org/10.1068/b2713
  12. Carruthers, J. I., & Ulfarsson, G. F. (2003). Urban sprawl and the cost of public services. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(4), 203–522. https://doi.org/10.1068/b12847
  13. Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell.
  14. Christaller, W. (1933). Die Zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland. Gustav Fischer.
  15. Coe, N. M., & Hess, M. (2005). The internationalization of retailing: implications for supply network restructuring in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 5, 449–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbh068
  16. Constitutional Court (2021). Announcement of the Constitutional Court Pl. ÚS 106/20. https://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/Tiskova_mluvci/Publikovane_nalezy/2021/Pl._US_106_20_vcetne_disentu.pdf
  17. Couch, C., & Karecha, J. (2006). Controlling urban sprawl: Some experiences from Liverpool. Cities, 23(5), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.05.003
  18. Data Brno (2021a). Brno Retail Research 2021 [Data set]. https://datahub.brno.cz/datasets/pr%C5%AFzkum-maloobchodn%C3%AD-s%C3%ADt%C4%9B-m%C4%9Bsta-brna-brno-retail-research-2021/explore?location=49.204119%2C16.592119%2C11.93
  19. Data Brno (2021b). Number of people living at the addresses [Data set]. https://data.brno.cz/datasets/mestobrno::po%C4%8Det-osob-naadresn%C3%ADch-m%C3%ADstech-number-of-people-living-at-theadresses/about
  20. Dempsey, N. (2010). Revisiting the Compact City?. Built Environment, 36(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.36.1.5
  21. Dieleman, F., & Wegener, M. (2004) Compact City and Urban Sprawl. Built Environment, 30(4), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.30.4.308.57151
  22. Drtina, T., & Krásný, T. (1989). Mezinárodní srovnání vývojových tendencí maloobchodní sítě. Výzkumný ústav obchodu.
  23. Ewing, R. (1997). Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369708975728
  24. Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A., & Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.47
  25. Fernandes, J. R., & Chamusca, P. (2014). Urban policies, planning and retail resilience. Cities, 36, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.11.006
  26. Garb, Y., & Dybicz, T. (2006). The retail revolution in post-socialist Central Europe and its lessons. In S. Tsenkova, & Nedović-Budić, Z. (Eds.), The Urban Mosaic of Post-Socialist Europe. Space, Institutions and Policy (pp. 231–252). Physica-Verlag HD.
  27. Giuliano, G. (1991). Subcenters in the Los Angeles region. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(91)90032-I
  28. Government of the Czech Republic (2020a). Crisis measure No. 1192. https://www.vlada.cz/assets/media-centrum/aktualne/uv201116-1192.pdf
  29. Government of the Czech Republic (2020b). Vláda prodloužila nouzový stav o dalších 30 dnů, přísnější opatření začnou platit od 27. prosince. https://www.vlada.cz/cz/media-centrum/aktualne/vlada-prodlouzilanouzovy-stav-o-dalsich-30-dnu--prisnejsi-opatreni-zacnou-platit-od-27--prosince-185809/
  30. Government of the Czech Republic (2020c). Crisis measure of the Ministry of Health on sales hours for pensioner. https://apps.odok.cz/attachment/-/down/IHOABMZAN3WR
  31. Government of the Czech Republic (2022). Anti-epidemic measures. https://www.vlada.cz/cz/epidemie-koronaviru/dulezite-informace/prehled-vladnich-usneseni-od-vyhlaseni-nouzoveho-stavu-180608/
  32. Hall, P., & Pain, K. (2006). The Polycentric Metropolis: learning from mega-city regions in Europe. Earthscan.
  33. Hamidi, S., & Ewing, R. (2014). A longitudinal study of changes in urban sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 128, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.021
  34. Hirt, S. (2013). Whatever happened to the (post)socialist city? Cities, 32, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.04.010
  35. iRozhlas (2020a). Šéf Svazu obchodu a cestovního ruchu: Češi nechápou, proč si můžou koupit pušku, ale ne pastelky. iRozhlas. https://www.irozhlas.cz/ekonomika/koronavirus-cesko-v-cesku-cr-obchodynakupovani-nakupy-pravidla-opatreni_2012271839_ako
  36. iRozhlas (2020b). Prymula navrhne vládě, aby zrušila slevy v obchodech. Podle Babiše je potřeba akce ponechat. iRozhlas. https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/ustredni-krizovy-stab-roman-prymula-zruseni-slevyobchody-koronavirus-v-cesku_2003202133_aur
  37. Johnson, M. P. (2001). Environmental impacts of urban sprawl: A survey of the literature and proposed research agenda. Environment and Planning A, 33(4), 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3327
  38. Kang-Rae, M., & Banister, D. (2007). Urban spatial change and excess commuting. Environment and Planning A, 39(3), 630–646. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37441
  39. Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Sharifi, A., & Sadeghi, A. (2023). The 15-minute city: Urban planning and design efforts toward creating sustainable neighbourhoods. Cities, 132, 104101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104101
  40. Kloosterman, R. C., & Lambregts, B. (2001). Clustering of economic activities in polycentric urban regions: the case of the Randstad. Urban Studies, 38(4), 717–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120035303
  41. Kluge, H. H. P. (2022). Statement: The European Region is in a “permacrisis” that stretches well beyond the pandemic, climate change and war. WHO. https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/27-09-2022-statement-the-european-region-is-in-a-permacrisis-that-stretches-well-beyond-the-pandemic-climate-change-and-war
  42. Krisp, J. M., & Špatenková, O. (2010). Kernel Density Estimations for Visual Analysis of Emergency Response Data. In M. Konečný, S. Zlatanova, & T. L. Bandrova (Eds.), Geographic Information and Cartography for Risk and Crisis Management (pp. 395–408). Springer-Verlag Berlin.
  43. Kučerová, T. (2020). Doba vyhrazená pro nákupy seniorů se zase mění. Nově bude od 8 do 10 hodin. iDNES. https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/vlada-oteviraci-doba-v-obchodech-pro-seniory-koronavirus.A200323_124237_domaci_kuce
  44. Kunc, J., & Križan, F. (2018). Changing European retail landscapes: New trends and challenges. Moravian Geographical Reports, 26(3), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2018-0012
  45. Kunc, J., & Križan, F. (2022). Socio-economic challenges in retailing: past experience and future perspectives. In J. Kunc, F. Križan, M. Novotná, K. Bilková, T. T. Sikos, D. Ilnicki, & R. Wyeth (Eds.), Thirty Years of Retail Transformation in V4 Countries (pp. 167–174). De Gruyter Poland.
  46. Kunc, J., & Novotná, M. (2022). The transformation of Czech retail. In J. Kunc, F. Križan, M. Novotná, K. Bilková K, T. T. Sikos, D. Ilnicki, & R. Wyeth (Eds.), Thirty Years of Retail Transformation in V4 Countries (pp. 15–51). De Gruyter Poland.
  47. Lang, R. E., Blakely, E. J., & Gough, M. Z. (2005). Keys to the New Metropolis: America’s Big, Fastgrowing Suburban Counties. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(4), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976709
  48. Malý, J. (2019). Polycentric Urban Systems and Territorial Cohesion. In E. Medeiros (Ed.), Territorial Cohesion. The Urban Book Series (pp. 68–89). Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  49. Marino, M. D., Tomaz, E., Henriques, C., & Chavoshi, S. H. (2023). The 15-minute city concept and new working spaces: a planning perspective from Oslo and Lisbon. European Planning Studies, 31(3), 598–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2022.2082837
  50. Maryáš, J., Kunc, J., Tonev, P., & Szczyrba, Z. (2014). Shopping and services related travel in the hinterland of Brno: changes from the socialist period to the present. Moravian Geographical Reports, 22(3), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2014-0015
  51. McMillen, D. P. (2001). Nonparametric employment subcenter identification. Journal of Urban Economics, 50(3), 448–473. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2001.2228
  52. Medeiros, E., & Rauhut, D. (2020). Territorial Cohesion Cities: a policy recipe for achieving Territorial Cohesion?. Regional Studies, 54(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1548764
  53. Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., & Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities. Smart Cities, 4(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010006
  54. Mulíček, O., & Osman, R. (2018). Rhythm of urban retail landscapes: Shopping hours and the urban chronotopes. Moravian Geographical Reports, 26(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2018-0001
  55. MV ČR (2021). Decision on granting or not granting an exemption according to point XII. of the Government Resolution. MV ČR. https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/poskytnuti-informace-kopie-rozhodnutio-udeleni-resp-neudeleni-vyjimky-dle-bodu-xii-usneseni-vlady-ze-dne-26-2-2021-c-216-ve-zneni-usneseni-vlady-ze-dne-28-2-2021-c-218-vcetne-oduvodneni.aspx
  56. Nguyen, D. (2010). Evidence of the impacts of urban sprawl on social capital. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 37(4), 610–627. https://doi.org/10.1068/b35120
  57. Novinky.cz (2020). Změna: Senioři budou mít čas na nákup od 7 do 9 ráno.
  58. Novinky.cz. https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/koronavirus-vlada-zrejmezmeni-cas-na-nakup-pro-seniory-od-7-do-9-40317361
  59. Nuissl, H., & Rink, D. (2005). The ‘production’ of urban sprawl in eastern Germany as a phenomenon of post-socialist transformation. Cities, 22(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.01.002
  60. Olomouc regional public health authority (2020). Measure of General Nature No. KHSOC/09068/2020/RED. https://www.olkraj.cz/download.html?id=73524
  61. PES MZ ČR (2020). Anti-epidemic system of the Czech Republic. MZ ČR. https://onemocneni-aktualne.mzcr.cz/pes
  62. Pojani, E., Van Acker, V., & Pojani, D. (2018). Cars as a status symbol: Youth attitudes toward sustainable transport in a post-socialist city. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 58, 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.003
  63. Priporas, C. V., Stylos, N., & Fotiadis, A. K. (2017). Generation Z consumers’ expectations of interactions in smart retailing: A future agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.058
  64. Pucher, J., & Buehler, R. (2005). Transport policies in Central and Eastern Europe. Rutgers University.
  65. Sassen, S. (2000). New frontiers facing urban sociology at the millennium. British Journal of Sociology 51(1), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00143.x
  66. Seidenglanz, D., Kvizda, M., Nigrin, T., Tomeš, Z., & Dujka, J. (2016). Czechoslovak light rail – Legacy of socialist urbanism or opportunity for the future?. Journal of Transport Geography, 54, 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.02.011
  67. Sikos, T. T. (2022). The transformation of Hungarian retail. In J. Kunc, F. Križan, M. Novotná, K. Bilková, T. T. Sikos, D. Ilnicki, & R. Wyeth (Eds.), Thirty Years of Retail Transformation in V4 Countries (pp. 75–123). De Gruyter Poland. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788367405065-004
  68. Soja, E. (2010). Seeking spatial justice. University Of Minnesota Press.
  69. Spěváčková, M. (2020). Pernes: Nákazu sem zavlekli lyžaři. Seniorům jde o život, to není legrace. Seznam zprávy. https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/pernes-nakazu-sem-zavlekli-lyzari-seniorum-jde-o-zivot-toneni-legrace-95164
  70. Spilková, J. (2012). The Birth of the Czech Mall Enthusiast: The Transition of Shopping Habits from Utilitarian to Leisure Shopping. Geografie, 117(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie2012117010021
  71. Stanilov, K., & Sýkora, L. (Eds.) (2014). Confronting Suburbanisation: Urban Decentralization in Post-Socialist Central and Eastern Europe. Wiley-Blackwell.
  72. Stone, B., Hess, J. J., & Frumkin, H. (2010). Urban form and extreme heat events: Are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(10), 1425–1428. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901879
  73. Szczyrba, Z. (2005). Maloobchod v ČR po roce 1989 – vývoj a trendy se zaměřením na geografickou organizaci. Univerzita Palackého.
  74. Szelenyi, I. (1996). Cities under socialism – and after. In G. Andrusz, M. Harloe, & I. Szelenyi (Eds.), Cities after socialism: Urban and regional change and conflict in post-socialist societies (pp. 286–317). Blackwell Publishers.
  75. Tauberová, D. (2020). Uničov a Litovel uzavřeli, lidé je nesmějí opustit. V karanténě je tam 1000 lidí. Deník. https://www.denik.cz/regiony/unicov-litovel-uzavreni-karatena-koronavirus.html
  76. UAP (2020). Territorial Analytical Documents of Brno. KAM. https://upmb.brno.cz/uzemne-planovaci-podklady/uzemne-analyticke-podklady/
  77. Vlčková, T. (2021). O výjimky pro cestování požádalo na 40 obcí, ta nejmenší v ČR ji nedostala. iDNES. https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/zakazcestovani-mezi-okresy-narizeni-ministerstvo-vnitra-obce-prejizdeni.A210304_132137_domaci_vlc
  78. Zhang, W., Lu, D., Zhao, Y., Luo, X., & Jie, Y. (2021). Incorporating polycentric development and neighborhood life-circle planning for reducing driving in Beijing: Nonlinear and threshold analysis. Cities, 121, 103488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103488
  79. Zhu, J., & Guo, Y. (2022). Social justice in spatial change: transition from autonomous rural development to integrated urbanization in China. Cities, 122, 103539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103539
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2023-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6202 | Journal ISSN: 1210-8812
Language: English
Page range: 129 - 140
Submitted on: May 26, 2023
|
Accepted on: Sep 12, 2023
|
Published on: Oct 6, 2023
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2023 Marek Lichter, Jiří Malý, published by Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.