References
- 1. Gefu, J.O., Adu, I.F., Magaji, S.O. (1993). Characteristics of small holder sheep and goat management practices in south east Nigeria: Observation from Anambra State, Nigeria. J Anim Prod. 21(1-2): 127-134.10.51791/njap.v21i1.1160
- 2. Lawal-Adebowale, O.A. (2012). Dynamics of ruminant livestock management in the context of the Nigerian agricultural system. In: Khalid Javed (Ed.), Livestock production. [Internet]. Intechopen science; 2012 October 24 Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/livestock-production/dynamics-of-ruminant-livestock-management-in-the-context-of-the-nigerian-agricultural-systemhttps://doi.org/10.5772/5292310.5772/52923
- 3. Gefu, J.O., Audu, I.F. (1984). Understanding small ruminant production in Northern Nigeria. World Review of Animal Production. 20(3): 35-39.
- 4. Opasina, B.A., David-West, K.B. (1988). Position paper on sheep and goat production in Nigeria [Internet]. Federal Livestock Department, Lagos, Nigeria. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/s8374b/S8374b20.htm
- 5. Jarikre, A.T.A., Emikpe, B.O. (2017). First report of immunohistochemical detection of peste des petit ruminants, parainfluenza 3 and respiratory syncytial viral antigens in lungs of Nigerian goats. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 38(5): 555-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/15321819.2017.1349669 PMid:2867907510.1080/15321819.2017.134966928679075
- 6. World Health Organization. (1999). Leptospirosis worldwide. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 74(29): 237-242.
- 7. Leal-Castellanos, C.B., Carcia-Suarez, R., Gonzalez-Figueroa, E., Fuentes-Allen, J.L., Escobedo-de La Rena, J. (2003). Risk factors and the prevalence of leptospirosis infection in a rural community of Chiapas, Mexico. Epidemiol Infect. 131(3): 1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268803001201 PMid:14959783 PMCid:PMC287006510.1017/S0950268803001201
- 8. Bomfim, M.Q., Koury, M.C. (2006). Evaluation of LSSP-PCR for the identification of Leptospira spp. in urine samples of cattle with clinical suspicion of leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol. 118(3-4): 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.020 PMid:1696225910.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.02016962259
- 9. Martins, G., Penna, B., Hamond, C., Leite, R.C.K., Silva, A., Ferreira, A., Brandão, F., Oliveira, F., Lilenbaum, W. (2012). Leptospirosis as the most frequent infectious disease impairing productivity in small ruminants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod. 44(4): 773-777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9964-4 PMid:2189818210.1007/s11250-011-9964-421898182
- 10. Izurieta, R., Galwankar, S., Clem, A. (2008). Leptospirosis: The “mysterious” mimic. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 1(1): 21-33. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.40573 PMid:19561939 PMCid:PMC270055910.4103/0974-2700.40573270055919561939
- 11. Meites, E., Jay, M.T., Deresinki, S., Shieh, W., Zaki, S.R., Tompkins, L., Smith, D. (2004). Re-emerging leptospirosis, California. Emerg Infect Dis. 10(3): 406-412. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1003.030431 PMid:15109405 PMCid:PMC332278710.3201/eid1003.030431332278715109405
- 12. Office International des Epizooties. [Internet]. Terrestrial manual. (2018). Leptospirosis. Chapter 3.1.12. pp-503-516. Available from: https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.12_LEPTO.pdf
- 13. Agunloye, C.A., Oyeyemi, M.O., Akusu, M.O., Ajala, O.O., Agbede, S.A. (2002). Clinical and serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in aborting West African dwarf goats. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr. 45, 5-8.
- 14. Martins, G., Brandão, F.Z., Hamond, C., Medeiros, M., Lilenbaum, W. (2012). Diagnosis and control of an outbreak of leptospirosis in goats with reproductive failure. Vet J. 193, 600-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.016 PMid:2236584410.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.01622365844
- 15. Grooms, D.L. (2006). Reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea and leptospirosis. Theriogenology 66(3): 624-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.016 PMid:1671638610.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.01616716386
- 16. Dhaliwal, G.S., Murray, R.D., Ellis, W.A. (1996). Reproductive performance of dairy herds infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo relative to the year of diagnosis. Vet Rec. 138(12): 272-276. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.12.272 PMid:871188310.1136/vr.138.12.2728711883
- 17. Yang, C.W. (2007). Leptospirosis renal disease: Understanding the initiation by Toll- like receptors. Kidney Int. 72(8): 918-925. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002393 PMid:1768726110.1038/sj.ki.5002393
- 18. Cannon, R.M., Roe, R.T. (1982). Livestock disease surveys. A field manual for veterinarians. Bureau of rural science, Department of primary industry. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- 19. Ellinghausen, H.C., McCullough, W.G. (1965). Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res. 26, 45-51.
- 20. Johnson, R.C., Harris, V.G., (1967). Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires. I. Growth at low temperatures. J Bacteriol. 94(1): 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.94.1.27-31.1967 PMid:6027998 PMCid:PMC25186610.1128/jb.94.1.27-31.1967
- 21. Rosetti, C., Bibiana, N.V., Noemi, P., Julio, C.C. (2004). Comparison of three diagnostic methods for the detection of leptospires in the kidneys of wild house mice (Mus musculus). Pesq Vet Bras. 24(1): 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X200400010000310.1590/S0100-736X2004000100003
- 22. Warthin, A.S., Starry, A.C. (1920). A more rapid and improved method of demonstrating spirochetes in tissues. Am J Syphilis. 4, 97-103.
- 23. Holland, J., Parker, A.J., Heslop, C.G. (1977). The prevalence of antibodies against leptospira in goats, sheep and cattle in northern Nigeria. Final Report of the West African Research Team. (pp. 29-36). London: Royal Veterinary College.
- 24. Maronpot, R.R., Barsoum, I.S. (1972). Leptospiral microscopic agglutination antibodies in sera of man and domestic animals in Egypt. Am Trop Med Hyg. 21(4): 467-472. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.467 PMid:506569610.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.467
- 25. Sratname, K.L., Coreverad, A., Bsuresh, M.I., Alex, J.C. (1992). Leptospira antibodies among sheep and goat. Indian J Anim Sci. 62, 1041-1043.
- 26. Ciceroni, L.A., Bartoloni, A., Pinto, P., Guglielmetti, C., Vald, V.H., Barahona, M.R., Giannice, P.F. (1997). Serological survey of leptospira infection in sheep, goats and dogs in Cordillera province, Bolivia. New Microbiol. 20(1): 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb00960.x PMid:919720810.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb00960.x
- 27. Higino, S.S., Santos, F.A., Costa, D.F., Santos, S.A.B., Silva, M.L.C.R., Alves, C.J., Azevedo, S.S. (2013). Flock-level risk factors associated with leptospirosis in dairy goats in a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Prev Vet Med. 109(1-2): 158-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.005 PMid:2303132610.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.005
- 28. Yener, Z., Keles, H. (2001). Immunoperoxidase and histopathological examinations of leptospiral nephritis in cattle. J Vet Med A. 48(7): 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00355.x PMid:1159968110.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00355.x
- 29. Ajayi, O.L., Antia, R.E., Ojo, O.E., Awoyomi, O. J., Oyinlola, L.A., Ojebiyi O.G. (2017). Prevalence and renal pathology of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in wildlife in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 84(1): 1210. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1210 PMid:28397515 PMCid:PMC623878610.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1210
- 30. Skilbeck, N.W., Forsyth, W.M., Dohnt, M. (1988). Bovine leptospirosis: microbiological and histological findings in cattle at slaughter. Aust Vet J. 65(3): 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb07362.x PMid:340114610.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb07362.x
- 31. Leon-Vizcaino, L., De Mendoza, M.H., Garrido, F. (1987). Incidence of abortions caused by leptospirosis in sheep and goats in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 10(2): 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-9571(87)90009-910.1016/0147-9571(87)90009-9
- 32. Silva, E.F., Brod, C.S., Cerqueira, G.M., Bourscheidt, D., Seyffert, N., Queiroz, A., Santos, C.S., Ko, A.I., Dellagostin, O.A. (2007). Isolation of Leptospira noguchii from sheep. Vet Microbiol. 121(1-2): 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.010 PMid:17222993 PMCid:PMC186867610.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.010186867617222993
- 33. Lilenbaum, W., Varges, R., Medeiros, L., Cordeiro, A.G., Cavalcanti, A., Souza, G.N., Richtzenhain, L., Vasconcellos, S.A. (2008). Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in dairy goats under tropical conditions in Brazil. Res Vet Sci. 84(1): 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.011 PMid:1754335910.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.01117543359
- 34. Lilenbaum, W., Ristow, P., Fráguas, S.A., Da Silva, E.D. (2007). Evaluation of a rapid slide agglutination test for the diagnosis of acute canine leptospirosis. Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 44(3-4): 124-128.
- 35. Salgado, M., Otto, B., Sandoval, E., Reinhardt, G., Boqvist, S. (2014). A cross sectional observational study to estimate herd level risk factors for Leptospira spp. serovars in small holder dairy cattle farms in southern Chile. BMC Vet Res. 10, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-10-126 PMid:24906684 PMCid:PMC406323210.1186/1746-6148-10-126406323224906684
- 36. Salgado, M., Otto, B., Moroni, M., Sandoval, E., Reinhardt, G., Boqvist, S., Encina, C., Muñoz-Zanzi, C. (2015). Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjoprajitno from a calf with clinical leptospirosis in Chile. BMC Vet Res. 11, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0369-x PMid:25888965 PMCid:PMC437436610.1186/s12917-015-0369-x437436625888965
- 37. Wild, C.J., Greenlee, J.J., Bolin, C.A., Barnett, J.K., Haake, D.A., Cheville, N.F. (2002). An improved immunohistochemical diagnostic technique for canine leptospirosis using antileptospiral antibodies on renal tissue. J Vet Diagn Invest. 14(1): 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400105 PMid:12680639 PMCid:PMC266628010.1177/104063870201400105266628012680639
- 38. Balakrishnan, G. (2012). Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in goats in Tamil Nadu. Tamilnadu J Vet Anim Science. 8(3): 138-144.
- 39. Martins, G., Lilenbaum, W. (2014). Leptospirosis in sheep and goats under tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod. 46(1): 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0480-6 PMid:2408541910.1007/s11250-013-0480-624085419