References
- 1. Stoffregen, W.C., Alt, D.P., Olsen, S.C., Waters, S.C., Stasko, J.A. (2006). Identification of a haemoplasma species in anemic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Wildl Dis. 42(2): 249-258. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.249 PMid:1687084710.7589/0090-3558-42.2.24916870847
- 2. Stuen, S. (2007). Anaplasma phagocytophilum - the most widespread tick-borne infection in animals in Europe. Vet Res Commun. 31 (Suppl. 1): 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-007-0071-y PMid:1768285110.1007/s11259-007-0071-y17682851
- 3. Bastian, S., Jouglin, M., Brisseau, N., Malandrin, L., Klegou, G., L’Hostis, M., Chauvin, A. (2012). Antibody prevalence and molecular identification of Babesia spp. in roe deer in France. J Wildl Dis. 48(2): 416-424. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.416 PMid:2249311610.7589/0090-3558-48.2.41622493116
- 4. Becker, C.A., Bouju-Albert, A., Jouglin, M., Chauvin, A., Malandrin, L. (2009). Natural transmission of zoonotic Babesia spp. by Ixodes ricinus ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 15(2): 320-322. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1502.081247 PMid:19193284 PMCid:PMC265764210.3201/eid1502.081247265764219193284
- 5. Hilpertshauser, H., Deplazes, P., Schnyder, M., Gern, L., Mathis, A. (2006). Babesia spp. identified by PCR in ticks collected from domestic and wild ruminants in southern Switzerland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 72(10): 6503-6507. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00823-06 PMid:17021198 PMCid:PMC161030710.1128/AEM.00823-06161030717021198
- 6. Asman, M., Nowak, M., Cuber, P., Strzelczyk, J., Szilman, E., Szilman, P., Trapp, G., Siuda, K., Solarz, K., Wiczkowski, A. (2013). The risk of exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia sp. and co-infections in Ixodes ricinus ticks on the territory of Niepołomice forest (southern Poland). Ann Parasitol. 59(1): 13-19.
- 7. Langton, C., Gray, J.S., Waters, P.F., Holman, P.J. (2003). Naturally acquired babesiosis in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) herd in Great Britain. Parasitol Res. 89(3): 194-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0737-x PMid:1254106110.1007/s00436-002-0737-x12541061
- 8. Kik, M., Nijhof, A.M., Balk, J.A., Jongejan, F. (2011). Babesia sp. EU1 infection in a forest reindeer, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 17(5): 936-938. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101834 PMid:21529420 PMCid:PMC332179110.3201/eid1705.101834332179121529420
- 9. Wiegmann, L., Silaghi, C., Obiegala, A., Karnath, C., Langer, S., Ternes, K., Kämmerling, J., Osmann, C., Pfeffer, M. (2015). Occurrence of Babesia species in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Germany. Vet Parasitol. 211(1-2): 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.026 PMid:2598632610.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.02625986326
- 10. Haigh, J.C., Gerwing, V., Erdenebaatar, J., Hill, J.E. (2008). A novel clinical syndrome and detection of Anaplasma ovis in Mongolian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Wildl Dis. 44(3): 569-577. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.569 PMid:1868964110.7589/0090-3558-44.3.56918689641
- 11. Stuen, S. (1996). Experimental tick-borne fever infection in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Vet Rec. 138(24): 595-596. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.24.595 PMid:879998810.1136/vr.138.24.5958799988
- 12. Sánchez Romano, J., Grund, L., Obiegala, A., Nymo, I.H., Ancin-Murguzur, F.J., Li, H., Król, N., Pfeffer, M., Tryland, M. (2019). A multi-pathogen screening of captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Germany based on serological and molecular assays. Front Vet Sci. 6, 461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00461 PMid:31921918 PMCid:PMC693377210.3389/fvets.2019.00461693377231921918
- 13. Miller, A.L., Evans, A.L., Os, Ø., Arnemo, J.M. (2013). Biochemical and hematologic reference values for free-ranging, chemically immobilized wild norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during early winter. J Wildl Dis. 49(2): 221-228. https://doi.org/10.7589/2012-04-115 PMid:2356889710.7589/2012-04-11523568897
- 14. Laloy, E., Petit, E., Boulouis, H.J., Gandoin, C., Bouillin, C., Gounot, G., Bonnet, S., Maillard, R. (2009). Dynamics of natural infection by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dairy cattle herd in Brittany, France. Clin Microbiol Infect. 15 (Suppl 2): 24-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02142.x PMid:1929840510.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02142.x19298405
- 15. Laloy, E., Petit, E., Boulouis, H.J., Lacroux, C., Corbiere, F., Schelcher, F., Bonnet, S., Maillard, R. (2009). First detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like DNA in the French lizard Rupricapra pyrenaica. Clin Microbiol Infect. 15 (Suppl 2): 26-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02143.x PMid:1929840410.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02143.x19298404
- 16. Lempereur, L., De Cat, A., Caron, Y., Madder, M., Claerebout, E., Saegerman, C., Losson, B. (2011). First molecular evidence of potentially zoonotic Babesia microti and Babesia sp. EU1 in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Belgium. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(2): 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0189 PMid:2057564710.1089/vbz.2009.018920575647
- 17. Andersson, M.O., Víchová, B., Tolf, C., Krzyzanowska, S., Waldenström, J., Karlsson, M.E. (2017). Co-infection with Babesia divergens and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle (Bos taurus), Sweden. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 8(6): 933-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.08.005 PMid:2886919110.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.08.00528869191
- 18. Mathieu, A., Pastor, A.R., Berkvens, C.N., Gara-Boivin, C., Hébert, M., Léveillé, A.N., Barta, J.R., Smith, D.A. (2018). Babesia odocoilei as a cause of mortality in captive cervids in Canada. Can Vet J. 59(1): 52-58.
- 19. Bartlett, S.L., Abou-Madi, N., Messick, J.B., Birkenheuer, A., Kollias, G.V. (2009). Diagnosis and treatment of Babesia odocoilei in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and recognition of three novel host species. J Zoo Wildl Med. 40(1): 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1638/2008-0011.1 PMid:1936825510.1638/2008-0011.119368255
- 20. Holman, P.J., Swift, P.K., Frey, R.E., Bennett, J., Cruz, D. Wagner, G.G. (2002). Genotypically unique Babesia spp. isolated from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in the United States. Parasitol Res. 88(5): 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-001-0576-1 PMid:1204945610.1007/s00436-001-0576-112049456
- 21. Herwaldt, B.L., de Bruyn, G., Pieniazek, N.J., Homer, M., Lofy, K.H., Slemenda, S.B., Fritsche, T.R., Persing, D.H., Limaye, A.P. (2004). Babesia divergens-like infection, Washington State. Emerg Infect Dis. 10(4): 622-629. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1004.030377 PMid:15200851 PMCid:PMC332308610.3201/eid1004.030377332308615200851
- 22. Holman, P.J., Spencer, A.M., Telford, S.R 3rd, Goethert, H.K., Allen, A.J., Knowles, D.P., Goff, W.L. (2005). Comparative infectivity of Babesia divergens and a zoonotic Babesia divergens-like parasite in cattle. Am J Trop Med. 73(5): 865-870. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.865 PMid:1628229510.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.865
- 23. Herc, E., Pritt, B., Huizenga, T., Douce, R., Hysell, M., Newton, D., Sidge, J., Losman, E., Sherbeck, J., Kaul, D.R. (2018). Probable locally acquired Babesia divergens-like infection in Woman, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 24(8): 1558-1560. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2408.180309 PMid:30016254 PMCid:PMC605612710.3201/eid2408.180309605612730016254
- 24. Duh, D., Petrovec, M., Avsic-Zupanc, T. (2001). Diversity of Babesia infecting European sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus). J Clin Microbiol. 39(9): 3395-3397. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.9.3395-3397.2001 PMid:11526189 PMCid:PMC8835710.1128/JCM.39.9.3395-3397.20018835711526189
- 25. Bonnet, S., Jouglin, M., L’Hostis, M., Chauvin, A. (2007). Babesia sp. EU1 from roe deer and transmission within Ixodes ricinus. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(8): 1208-1210. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1308.061560 PMid:17953093 PMCid:PMC282807810.3201/eid1308.061560282807817953093
- 26. Duh, D., Petrovec, M., Bidovec, A., Avsic-Zupanc, T. (2005). Cervids as Babesiae hosts, Slovenia. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(7): 1121-1123. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1107.040724 PMid:16022795 PMCid:PMC337178510.3201/eid1107.040724337178516022795
- 27. Duh, D., Petrovec, M., Avsic-Zupanc, T. (2005). Molecular characterization of human pathogen Babesia EU1 in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Slovenia. J Parasitol. 91(2): 463-465. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-394R PMid:1598662710.1645/GE-394R15986627
- 28. Zintl, A., Finnerty, E.J., Murphy, T.M., de Waal, T., Gray, J.S. (2011). Babesias of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Ireland. Vet Res. 42(1): 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-42-7 PMid:21314977 PMCid:PMC303789810.1186/1297-9716-42-7303789821314977
- 29. Malandrin, L., Jouglin, M., Sun, Y., Brisseau, N., Chauvin, A. (2010). Redescription of Babesia capreoli (Enigk and Friedhoff, 1962) from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): isolation, cultivation, host specificity, molecular characterisation and differentiation from Babesia divergens. Int J Parasitol. 40(3): 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.008 PMid:1973357210.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.00819733572
- 30. Cabezas-Cruz, A., Gallois, M., Fontugne, M., Allain, E., Denoual, M., Moutailler, S., Devillers, E., Zientara, S., Memmi, M., Chauvin, A., Agoulon, A., Vayssier-Taussat, M., Chartier, C. (2019). Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Anaplasma ovis in goats in Corsica, France. Parasit Vectors 12(1): 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3269-7 PMid:30606253 PMCid:PMC631893310.1186/s13071-018-3269-7631893330606253
- 31. Woldehiwet, Z. (2010). The natural history of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Vet Parasitol. 167 (2-4): 108-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.013 PMid:1981187810.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.01319811878
- 32. Blanco, J.R., Oteo, J.A. (2002). Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 8(12): 763-772. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00557.x PMid:1251934910.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00557.x12519349
- 33. Oines, O., Radzijevskaja, J., Paulauskas, A., Rosef, O. (2012). Prevalence and diversity of Babesia spp. in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway. Parasit Vectors. 5, 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-156 PMid:22862883 PMCid:PMC343969110.1186/1756-3305-5-156343969122862883
- 34. Silaghi, C., Woll, D., Hamel, D., Pfister, K., Mahling, M., Pfeffer, M. (2012). Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents - Analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area. Parasit Vectors. 5, 191. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-191 PMid:22950642 PMCid:PMC348082710.1186/1756-3305-5-191348082722950642
- 35. Lempereur, L., Lebrun, M., Cuvelier, P., Sépult, G., Caron, Y., Saegerman, C., Shiels, B., Losson, B. (2012). Longitudinal field study on bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections during a grazing season in Belgium. Parasitol Res. 110(4): 1525-1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2657-0 PMid:2194734110.1007/s00436-011-2657-021947341
- 36. Overzier, E., Pfister, K., Herb, I., Mahling, M., Böck, G.Jr, Silaghi, C. (2013). Detection of tick-borne pathogens in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), in questing ticks (Ixodes ricinus), and in ticks infesting roe deer in southern Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 4(4): 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.004 PMid:2357111510.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.00423571115
- 37. Lagrée, A.C., Rouxel, C., Kevin, M., Dugat, T., Girault, G., Durand, B., Pfeffer, M., Silaghi, C., Nieder, M., Boulouis, H.J., Haddad, N. (2018). Co-circulation of different A. phagocytophilum variants within cattle herds and possible reservoir role for cattle. Parasit Vectors. 11, 163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2661-7 PMid:29523202 PMCid:PMC584526210.1186/s13071-018-2661-7584526229523202