Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents: Strategy and Exemples

Stoian, Ioan-Adrian; Moşteanu, Dănuț-Eugeniu; Ilie, Florin Vasile

doi:10.2478/kbo-2022-0092

Abstract

Since the addition of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in the World War I, there has been a constant demand for the development of rapid and accurate analytical instruments for detecting and identifying these agents. The most common techniques used in CWAs determination are spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Although they possess remarkable robustness, they require prolonged analysis time, experienced personnel, expensive instrumentation and are not fit for on-field applications and fast early alert. Fortunately, electrochemical sensors represent a viable alternative due to their, simple instrumentation, high sensitivity and low cost. The aim of this article is to highlight some important aspects of electrochemical sensing and to present some electrochemical sensors developed for CWAs detection. The future perspectives and challenges in electrochemical sensor development for CWAs detection is also discussed.

References

[1] Nepovimova E., Kuca K. Chapter 1 - History of toxicology: from killers to healers. In: Gupta RCBT-H of T of CWA (Third E, editor. Handb. Toxicol. Chem. Warf. Agents. Third Edit, Boston: Academic Press; 2020, p. 3–15.10.1016/B978-0-12-819090-6.00001-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[2] Chauhan S., Chauhan S., D’Cruz R., Faruqi S., Singh K.K., Varma S., et al. Chemical warfare agents. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 26:113–22.10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.003
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[3] Fitzgerald G.J. Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:611–25.10.2105/AJPH.2007.111930
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[4] Picard B., Chataigner I., Maddaluno J., Legros J. Introduction to chemical warfare agents relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6528–37.10.1039/C9OB00802K
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[5] Yar M., Hashmi M.A., Khan A., Ayub K. Carbon nitride 2-D surface as a highly selective electrochemical sensor for V-series nerve agents. J Mol Liq 2020; 311:113357.10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113357
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[6] Arduini F., Scognamiglio V., Moscone D., Palleschi G. Electrochemical Biosensors for Chemical Warfare Agents. In: Nikolelis DP, Nikoleli G-P, editors. Biosens. Secur. Bioterrorism Appl., Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016, p. 115–39.10.1007/978-3-319-28926-7_6
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[7] Epure G., Grigoriu N., Moșteanu D. Detecţia şi identificarea agenţilor chimici de războ. Sibiu: Editura Academiei Forţelor Terestre; 2017.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[8] Stoian I.–A., Iacob B.-C., Prates Ramalho J.P., Marian I.O., Chiș V., Bodoki E., et al. A chiral electrochemical system based on l-cysteine modified gold nanoparticles for propranolol enantiodiscrimination: Electroanalysis and computational modelling. Electrochim Acta 2019; 326:134961.10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134961
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[9] Stoian I.-A., Iacob B.-C., Dudaș C.-L., Barbu-Tudoran L., Bogdan D., Marian I.O., et al. Biomimetic electrochemical sensor for the highly selective detection of azithromycin in biological samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112098.10.1016/j.bios.2020.112098
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[10] Eggins B.R. CHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2002.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[11] Sandulescu R., Cristea C., Bodoki E., Oprean R. Recent advances in the analysis of bioactive compounds based on molecular recognition. In: Apetrei C, editor. Front. Bioact. Compd. 1st ed., Galaty: Bentham Science Publishers – Sharjah, UAE; 2016, p. 69–126.10.2174/9781681083414116010006
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[12] Li Z., Mo Z., Meng S., Gao H., Niu X., Guo R. The construction and application of chiral electrochemical sensors. Anal Methods 2016; 8:8134–40.10.1039/C6AY02431A
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[13] Brett C.M.A., Oliveira-Brett A.M. Electrochemical sensing in solution—origins, applications and future perspectives. J Solid State Electrochem 2011;15:1487–94.10.1007/s10008-011-1447-z
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[14] Brett C.M.A. Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring. Strategy and examples. Pure Appl Chem 2001; 73:1969–77.10.1351/pac200173121969
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[15] Arduini F. Nanomaterials and Cross-Cutting Technologies for Fostering Smart Electrochemical Biosensors in the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Appl Sci 2021;11.10.3390/app11020720
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[16] Guilbault G.G., Kramer D.N., Cannon P.L. Electrical Determination of Organophosphorous Compounds. Anal Chem 1962;34:1437–9.10.1021/ac60191a027
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[17] Arduini F., Scognamiglio V., Moscone D., Palleschi G. Electrochemical Biosensors for Chemical Warfare Agents BT - Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism Applications. In: Nikolelis DP, Nikoleli G-P, editors., Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016, p. 115–39.10.1007/978-3-319-28926-7_6
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[18] Cinti S., Minotti C., Moscone D., Palleschi G., Arduini F. Fully integrated ready-to-use paper-based electrochemical biosensor to detect nerve agents. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 93:46–51.10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.091
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[19] Anzai J. Chapter 62 - Biosensors for the Detection of OP Nerve Agents. In: Gupta RCBT-H of T of CWA (Second E, editor., Boston: Academic Press; 2015, p. 925–34.10.1016/B978-0-12-800159-2.00062-2
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[20] Lee W.E., Thompson H.G., Hall J.G., Bader D.E. Rapid detection and identification of biological and chemical agents by immunoassay, gene probe assay and enzyme inhibition using a silicon-based biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 14:795–804.10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00059-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[21] Lee J.H., Park J.Y., Min K., Cha H.J., Choi S.S., Yoo Y.J. A novel organophosphorus hydrolase-based biosensor using mesoporous carbons and carbon black for the detection of organophosphate nerve agents. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1566–70.10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.01320093002
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[22] Wang L., Sun Y. Engineering organophosphate hydrolase for enhanced biocatalytic performance: A review. Biochem Eng J 2021; 168:107945.10.1016/j.bej.2021.107945
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[23] Laothanachareon T., Champreda V., Sritongkham P., Somasundrum M., Surareungchai W. Cross-linked enzyme crystals of organophosphate hydrolase for electrochemical detection of organophosphorus compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 24:3049.10.1007/s11274-008-9851-y
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[24] Chen A., Du D., Lin Y. Highly Sensitive and Selective Immuno-Capture/Electrochemical Assay of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Red Blood Cells: A Biomarker of Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides and Nerve Agents. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:1828–33.10.1021/es202689u22208309
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[25] Du D., Wang J., Wang L., Lu D., Lin Y. Integrated Lateral Flow Test Strip with Electrochemical Sensor for Quantification of Phosphorylated Cholinesterase: Biomarker of Exposure to Organophosphorus Agents. Anal Chem 2012;84:1380–5.10.1021/ac202391w22243414
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[26] Cárdenas Riojas A.A., Wong A., Planes G.A., Sotomayor M.D.P.T., La Rosa-Toro A., Baena-Moncada A.M. Development of a new electrochemical sensor based on silver sulfide nanoparticles and hierarchical porous carbon modified carbon paste electrode for determination of cyanide in river water samples. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2019; 287:544–50.10.1016/j.snb.2019.02.053
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[27] Zhang H. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Silver Nanoparticles/Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode to Detect Cyanide in Food Products. Int J Electrochem Sci 2020:3434–44.10.20964/2020.04.32
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[28] Lindsay A.E., O’Hare D. The development of an electrochemical sensor for the determination of cyanide in physiological solutions. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 558:158–63.10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.036
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[29] Colozza N., Kehe K., Popp T., Steinritz D., Moscone D., Arduini F. Paper-based electrochemical sensor for on-site detection of the sulphur mustard. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2021; 28:25069–80.10.1007/s11356-018-2545-629934830
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[30] Singh V.V., Nigam A.K., Boopathi M., Pandey P., Ganesan K., Jain R., et al. In situ electrocatalytic reduction of chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard by palladium modified electrode and its sensing application. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2011; 160:840–9.10.1016/j.snb.2011.08.070
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[31] Colozza N., Kehe K., Dionisi G., Popp T., Tsoutsoulopoulos A., Steinritz D., et al. A wearable origami-like paper-based electrochemical biosensor for sulfur mustard detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:15–23.10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.00230682684
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[32] Virji S., Kojima R., Fowler J.D., Villanueva J.G., Kaner R.B., Weiller B.H. Polyaniline nanofiber composites with amines: Novel materials for phosgene detection. Nano Res 2009; 2:135–42.10.1007/s12274-009-9011-1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents: Strategy and Exemples

Abstract

Paradigm

My account