Paraben concentrations in cat hair samples
References
- Agarwal D., Bhatt U., Soni V.: Ecotoxicological impacts of parabens on flora and fauna. NPJ Emerg Contam 2025, 1, 12, doi: 10.1038/s44454-025-00012-2.
- Aubert N., Ameller T., Legrand J.J.: Systemic exposure to parabens: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl-and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration. Food Chem Toxicol 2012, 50, 445–454, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.045.
- Cao X., Qin R., Zhang S., Luo W., Qin J., Yan X., Cai F., Liao Q., Yu Y., Zheng J.: Bisphenol pollutants bind with human hair keratin: Combining evidence from fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking. Sci Total Environ 2024, 957, 177533, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177533.
- Claessens J., Dufour P., Dardenne N., Charlier C., Pirard C.: Contamination levels and distribution of persistent and non-persistent pollutants in paired hair, urine and serum samples from a Belgian non-occupationally exposed population. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2025, 88, 447–462, doi: 10.1080/15287394.2025.2451676.
- Claessens J., Pirard C., Charlier C.: Determination of contamination levels for multiple endocrine disruptors in hair from a non-occupationally exposed population living in Liege (Belgium). Sci Total Environ 2022, 815, 152734, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152734.
- Dasmahapatra A.K., Chatterjee J., Tchounwou P.B.: A systematic review of the toxic potential of parabens in fish. Front Toxicol 2024, 6, 1399467, doi: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1399467.
- Elmore S.E., Cano-Sancho G., La Merrill M.A.: Disruption of normal adipocyte development and function by methyl-and propyl-paraben exposure. Toxicol Lett 2020, 334, 27–35, doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.009.
- Fransway A.F., Fransway P.J., Belsito D.V., Warshaw E.M., Sasseville D., Fowler J.F. Jr, DeKoven J.G., Pratt M.D., Maibach H.I., Taylor J.S., Marks J.G., Mathias C.G.T., DeLeo V.A., Zirwas J.M., Zug K.A., Atwater A.R., Silverberg J., Reeder M.J.: Parabens. Dermatitis 2019, 30, 3–31, doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000429.
- Frederiksen H., Jørgensen N., Andersson A.M.: Parabens in urine, serum and seminal plasma from healthy Danish men determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2011, 21, 262–271, doi: 10.1038/jes.2010.6.
- Gonkowski S., Martin J., Kadyralieva N., Aparicio I., Santos J.L., Alonso E., Rytel L.: Raw sheep wool contamination with bisphenol A and parabens. An assessment of interregional differences. Sci Total Environ 2025, 979, 179489, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179489.
- Gonkowski S., Tzatzarakis M., Kadyralieva N., Vakonaki E., Lamprakis T.: Exposure assessment of dairy cows to parabens using hair samples analysis. Sci Rep 2024, 14, 14291, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65347-z.
- Gonkowski S., Tzatzarakis M., Vakonaki E., Meschini E., Könyves L., Rytel L.: Biomonitoring of parabens in wild boars through hair samples analysis. PLoS One 2024, 19, e0297938, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297938.
- González-Palacios P., Monteagudo C., Ramírez V., Zafra-Gómez A., Rivas A.: Worldwide systematic analysis of dietary paraben exposure. A scoping review of sources and food categories. Food Chem 2025, 496, 146605, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146605.
- Karthikraj R., Borkar S., Lee S., Kannan K.: Parabens and their metabolites in pet food and urine from New York State, United States. Environ Sci Technol 2018, 52, 3727–3737, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05981.
- Karzi V., Tzatzarakis M., Katsikantami I., Stavroulaki A., Alegakis A., Vakonaki E., Xezonaki P., Sifakis S., Rizos A., Tsatsakis A.: Investigating exposure to endocrine disruptors via hair analysis of pregnant women. Environ Res 2019, 178, 108692, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108692.
- Kirchhof M.G., de Gannes G.C.: The health controversies of parabens. Skin Ther Lett 2013, 18, 5–7.
- Kovaříková S., Maršálek P., Habánová M., Konvalinová J.: Serum concentration of bisphenol A in elderly cats and its association with clinicopathological findings. J Feline Med Surg 2021, 23, 105–114, doi: 10.1177/1098612X20932260.
- Li Z.M., Kannan K.: Urinary and fecal excretion of 121 environmental chemicals in pet dogs and cats: significance of feces in biomonitoring of exposures. Environ Sci Technol 2024, 58, 14169–14179, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05991.
- Makowska K., Martín J., Rychlik A., Aparicio I., Santos J.L., Alonso E., Gonkowski S.: Biomonitoring parabens in dogs using fur sample analysis - Preliminary studies. Sci Total Environ 2022, 807, 150757, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150757.
- Martín J., Santos J.L., Aparicio I., Alonso E.: Exposure assessment to parabens, bisphenol A and perfluoroalkyl compounds in children, women and men by hair analysis. Sci Total Environ 2019, 695, 133864, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133864.
- Orton F., Ermler S., Kugathas S., Rosivatz E., Scholze M., Kortenkamp A.: Mixture effects at very low doses with combinations of anti-androgenic pesticides, antioxidants, industrial pollutant and chemicals used in personal care products. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014, 278, 201–208, doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.008.
- Petric Z., Ružić J., Žuntar I.: The controversies of parabens - an overview nowadays. Acta Pharm 2021, 71, 17–32, doi: 10.2478/acph-2021-0001.
- Pocar P., Grieco V., Aidos L., Borromeo V.: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects in pet dogs and cats: an overview. Animals 2023, 13, 378, doi: 10.3390/ani13030378.
- Potera C.: Chemical exposures: cats as sentinel species. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115, A580, doi: 10.1289/ehp.115-a580a.
- Ramalho A., Vale A., Carvalho F., Fernandes E., Freitas M.: Parabens exposure and its impact on diabesity: A review. Toxicology 2025, 515, 154125, doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2025.154125.
- Silveira F.F.C.L. da, Porto V.A., Sousa B.L.C. de, Souza E.V. de, Lo Nostro F.L., Rocha T.L., Jesus L.W.O. de: Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of parabens in aquatic organisms: Current status and trends. Environ Pollut 2024, 363, 125213, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125213.
- Sruthi N., Asma Parveen S., Prapurna Chandra Y.: Extraction of paraben from blue berries and separation by column chromatography. UPI J Pharm Med Health Sci 2025, 8, 1–4, doi: 10.37022/jpmhs.v8i1.120.
- Tzatzarakis M.N., Vakonaki E., Kavvalakis M.P., Barmpas M., Kokkinakis E.N., Xenos K., Tsatsakis A.M.: Biomonitoring of bisphenol A in hair of Greek population. Chemosphere 2015, 118, 336–341, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.044.
- Vitor R.C., Oliveira J.T.S., Navarro A.W.M., Lima A.C.R., Oliveira G.M.S. de, Munhoz A.D., Sevá A.P., Guedes P.E.B., Carlos R.S.A.: Body condition scores in cats and associations with systolic blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, and systemic inflammation. Vet Sci 2024, 11, 151, doi: 10.3390/vetsci11040151.
- Wojtkiewicz J., Tzatzarakis M., Vakonaki E., Makowska K., Gonkowski S.: Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis. Sci Rep 2021, 11, 23673, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03152-8.
- Zhang S., Yan X., Tang B., Luo W., Chen S., Luo X., Zheng J., Mai B., Yu Y.: Human hair as a noninvasive matrix to assess exposure to micro-organic contaminants: state of the art review. Sci Total Environ 2023, 892, 164341, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164341.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0036 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608
Language: English
Page range: 341 - 351
Submitted on: Jan 9, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 25, 2026
Published on: Jun 30, 2026
Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Related subjects:
© 2026 Sławomir Gonkowski, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Elena Vakonaki, Thomas Lamprakis, Krystyna Makowska, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.