Fig. 1.
Experimental setup and regimens for administration of enrofloxacin to year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails. IHL – intrahaemolymphatic
Fig. 2.
Chromatograms of year-old Cornu aspersum maxima muscle samples. (A) blank snail muscle sample; (B) snail muscle sample fortified with enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin at the level of 1,000 μg/kg; (C) experimental muscle sample with enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin 240 h after drug administration. cps – counts per second; ENR – enrofloxacin; CIP – ciprofloxacin; IS – internal standard
Table 1.
Validation results of the quantification analysis of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in haemolymph, mucus, albumen gland, muscle and hepatopancreas of year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails
| Parameter | Enrofloxacin | Ciprofloxacin | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matrix | ||||||||||
| Haemolymph | Mucus | Albumen gland | Muscle | Hepatopancreas | Haemolymph | Mucus | Albumen gland | Muscle | Hepatopancreas | |
| R2 | 0.991 | 0.992 | 0.994 | 0.995 | 0.993 | 0.992 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.993 | 0.993 |
| Repeatability, CV,% | 8.6 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 5.9 |
| Reproducibility, CV, % | 10.4 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 11.5 | 9.1 | 8.8 |
| Recovery,% | 96.6 | 102.8 | 97.5 | 96.1 | 101 | 94.9 | 105.6 | 99.1 | 95.8 | 99.5 |
| LOQ (μg/L) | 5 | - | - | - | - | 10 | - | - | - | - |
| LOQ (μg/kg) | - | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Fig. 3.
Semi logarithmic mean haemolymph concentration–time curves (± SD) of enrofloxacin (EF) following single intrahaemolymphatic (1 mg/kg), gavage and medicated wafer (30 mg/kg) administrations in year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails (n = 3 × 65)
Fig. 4.
Mean hepatopancreas concentrations of enrofloxacin (EF) and ciprofloxacin (CP) following the fifth day of multiple oral (gavage) administration (10 mg/kg) to year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails (n = 49). ○, □ represent the EF and CP individual sample concentrations, respectively
Table 2.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin in year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails after single intrahaemolymphatic (IHL) (1 mg/kg), gavage and medicated wafer (30 mg/kg) administrations (n = 3 × 65)
| Parameter | IHL | By cannula | By wafer |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | 0.918 | 0.9585 | 1 |
| λz(1/h) | 0.0354 | 0.0463 | 0.0366 |
| HL λz (h) | 19.5677 | 14.9812 | 18.9184 |
| Tmax (h) | / | 0.75 | 4 |
| Cmax (ng/mL) | / | 19,064 | 12,745 |
| AUClast/D (h*ng/mL) | 20,838 | 5,963 | 15,130 |
| AUCinf/D (h*/ng/mL) | 22,250 | 6,161 | 16,495 |
| Vz (mL/kg) | 1,268.755 | / | / |
| Cl (mL*h/kg) | 44.9432 | / | / |
| MRT (h) | 19.2014 | 15.493 | 30.0288 |
1 R2 – square of the coefficient of determination; λz – elimination rate constant; HLλz – terminal elimination half-life; Tmax – time to reach peak plasma concentration; Cmax – peak plasma concentration; AUClast/D – area under the concentration-versus time curve calculated on the last point and corrected for the administered dose; AUCinf/D – area under the concentration–time curve extrapolated to infinity and corrected for the administered dose; Vz – volume of distribution; Cl – total body clearance; MRT – mean residence time; F% – bioavailability
Fig. 5a.
Mean albumen gland concentrations of enrofloxacin (EF) and ciprofloxacin (CP) following the fifth day of multiple oral (gavage) administration (10 mg/kg) to year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails (n = 49). ○, □ represent the EF and CP individual sample concentrations, respectively
Fig. 5b.
Mean mucus concentrations of enrofloxacin (EF) and ciprofloxacin (CP) following the fifth day of multiple oral (gavage) administration (10 mg/kg) to year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails (n = 49). ○, □ represent the EF and CP individual sample concentrations, respectively
Fig. 5c.
Mean muscle concentrations of enrofloxacin (EF) and ciprofloxacin (CP) following the fifth day of multiple oral (gavage) administration (10 mg/kg) to year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails (n = 49). ○, □ represent the EF and CP individual sample concentrations, respectively
Fig. 6.
Mean haemolymph concentrations of enrofloxacin (EF) following the fifth day of multiple oral (gavage) administration (10 mg/kg) to year-old Cornu aspersum maxima snails (n = 49). ○ represents the EF individual sample concentration