Phylogenetic analysis and susceptibility to antibiotics and phytogenics of Riemerella anatipestifer strains isolated in Poland

Strain number	Poultry flock location (voivodeship)	Poultry species	Date of strain isolation	Anatomical site
910/24	Warmińsko-mazurskie	Turkey	03/09/2024	Trachea
899/24	Mazowieckie	Turkey	30/08/2024	Brain
767/24	Mazowieckie	Chicken	30/07/2024	Lungs
750/24	Świętokrzyskie	Chicken	27/07/2024	Trachea
660/24	Kujawsko-pomorskie	Goose	27/07/2024	Brain
596/24	Mazowieckie	Chicken	03/06/2024	Trachea
563/24	Mazowieckie	Chicken	30/05/2024	Lungs
503/24	Warmińsko-mazurskie	Turkey	15/05/2024	Trachea
369/24	Mazowieckie	Chicken	06/04/2024	Trachea
342/24	Pomorskie	Chicken	25/03/2024	Infraorbital sinus
337/24	Mazowieckie	Chicken	22/03/2024	Hock joint
272/24	Mazowieckie	Chicken	05/03/2024	Hock joint
1223/23	Mazowieckie	Duck	27/10/2023	Hock joint
1171/23	Mazowieckie	Chicken	14/10/2023	Infraorbital sinus
1034/23	Podlaskie	Turkey	13/09/2023	Trachea
984/23	Kujawsko-pomorskie	Chicken	30/08/2023	Trachea
833/23	Mazowieckie	Turkey	29/07/2023	Trachea
784/23	Warmińsko-mazurskie	Turkey	26/07/2023	Trachea
780/23	Warmińsko-mazurskie	Turkey	26/07/2023	Trachea
761/23	Warmińsko-mazurskie	Turkey	17/07/2023	Trachea
655/23	Mazowieckie	Chicken	23/06/2023	Lungs
310/23	Mazowieckie	Chicken	19/03/2023	Trachea
257/23	Mazowieckie	Turkey	06/03/2023	Trachea
152/23	Mazowieckie	Turkey	14/02/2023	Infraorbital sinus

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of *Riemerella anatipestifer* and closely related strains based on the partial 16S rRNA sequence. Bootstrap support values are shown next to the branches

Table 2a.

Distribution of <25mm inhibition zone diameters of Riemerella anatipestifer under the action of selected antibiotics

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	<10	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
AMP	1		1														2
P	1		1														3
CL							1
CAZ												1
CFX	1
AK									1	1	3	8	2	3	1	2
S	17						3			1		1		1	1
DA	22
SH											1			3	2		1
E	21											1
DO							1		4	1		2		5	3	1	4
ENR	18			2						2		2
C							1		1	3	3	8	3	1		1	1
SXT																	1

Table 2b.

Distribution of >25mm inhibition zone diameters of Riemerella anatipestifer under the action of selected antibiotics

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	>40
AMP			1	1	7	1	1	2			1				5	1
P		2		1	7		2	1	2				2			2
CL								1		1	1	1	1	1	11	6
CAZ					2				1		2	1	1	2	10	4
CFX									1	1	1	1			8	11
AK	1	1	1
S
DA					1						1
SH	2	2	3	1	7	1			1
E		1													1
DO	1				2
ENR
C	1								1
SXT	1	1	1		3	1	4		6		1				3	2

1 AM – antimicrobial; AMP – ampicillin; P – penicillin G; CL – cephalexin; CAZ – ceftazidime; CFX – cefuroxime; AK – amikacin; S – streptomycin; DA – clindamycin; SH – spectinomycin; E – erythromycin; DO – doxycycline; ENR – enrofloxacin; C – chloramphenicol; SXT – sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim

Table 3.

Distribution of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of selected phytogenics for Riemerella anatipestifer strains

Phytogenic	Number of strains susceptible to this MIC (MIC in μg/mL)						MIC₅₀ μg/mL	MIC₉₀ μg/mL
Phytogenic	>300	300	150	75	37.5	18.75	MIC₅₀ μg/mL	MIC₉₀ μg/mL
Trans-cinnamaldehyde				15	9		75	75
Geraniol		1	8	15			75	150
Eugenol	1	17	6				300	300
Carvacrol		1	17	6			150	150

Table 4.

Distribution of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of selected phytogenics for Riemerella anatipestifer strains

Phytogenic	Number of strains susceptible to this MBC (MBC in μg/mL)						MBC₅₀ μg/mL	MBC₉₀ μg/mL
Phytogenic	>300	300	150	75	37.5	18.75	MBC₅₀ μg/mL	MBC₉₀ μg/mL
Trans-cinnamaldehyde			1	22	1		75	75
Geraniol	1		19	4			150	150
Eugenol	1	22	1				300	300
Carvacrol		4	20				150	300

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608 (formerly 2300-3235)

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Language: English

Page range: 33 - 42

Submitted on: Oct 30, 2025

Accepted on: Mar 23, 2026

Published on: Mar 30, 2026

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

antimicrobial resistance,

phylogenetic analysis,

phytogenics,

poultry,

Riemerella anatipestifer

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Molecular biology,

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Veterinary medicine

© 2026 Jan Tyc, Agnieszka Kalwasińska, Monika Olszewska-Tomczyk, Grzegorz Woźniakowski, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 70 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)

Phylogenetic analysis and susceptibility to antibiotics and phytogenics of Riemerella anatipestifer strains isolated in Poland

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Fig. 1.

Table 2a.

Table 2b.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Paradigm

My account

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	<10	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
AMP	1		1														2
P	1		1														3
CL							1
CAZ												1
CFX	1
AK									1	1	3	8	2	3	1	2
S	17						3			1		1		1	1
DA	22
SH											1			3	2		1
E	21											1
DO							1		4	1		2		5	3	1	4
ENR	18			2						2		2
C							1		1	3	3	8	3	1		1	1
SXT																	1

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	>40
AMP			1	1	7	1	1	2			1				5	1
P		2		1	7		2	1	2				2			2
CL								1		1	1	1	1	1	11	6
CAZ					2				1		2	1	1	2	10	4
CFX									1	1	1	1			8	11
AK	1	1	1
S
DA					1						1
SH	2	2	3	1	7	1			1
E		1													1
DO	1				2
ENR
C	1								1
SXT	1	1	1		3	1	4		6		1				3	2

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	<10	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
AMP	1		1														2
P	1		1														3
CL							1
CAZ												1
CFX	1
AK									1	1	3	8	2	3	1	2
S	17						3			1		1		1	1
DA	22
SH											1			3	2		1
E	21											1
DO							1		4	1		2		5	3	1	4
ENR	18			2						2		2
C							1		1	3	3	8	3	1		1	1
SXT																	1

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	>40
AMP			1	1	7	1	1	2			1				5	1
P		2		1	7		2	1	2				2			2
CL								1		1	1	1	1	1	11	6
CAZ					2				1		2	1	1	2	10	4
CFX									1	1	1	1			8	11
AK	1	1	1
S
DA					1						1
SH	2	2	3	1	7	1			1
E		1													1
DO	1				2
ENR
C	1								1
SXT	1	1	1		3	1	4		6		1				3	2

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	<10	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
AMP	1		1														2
P	1		1														3
CL							1
CAZ												1
CFX	1
AK									1	1	3	8	2	3	1	2
S	17						3			1		1		1	1
DA	22
SH											1			3	2		1
E	21											1
DO							1		4	1		2		5	3	1	4
ENR	18			2						2		2
C							1		1	3	3	8	3	1		1	1
SXT																	1

AM	Number of strains inhibited in a zone of the stated diameter (diameters in mm)
AM	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	>40
AMP			1	1	7	1	1	2			1				5	1
P		2		1	7		2	1	2				2			2
CL								1		1	1	1	1	1	11	6
CAZ					2				1		2	1	1	2	10	4
CFX									1	1	1	1			8	11
AK	1	1	1
S
DA					1						1
SH	2	2	3	1	7	1			1
E		1													1
DO	1				2
ENR
C	1								1
SXT	1	1	1		3	1	4		6		1				3	2