Fig. 1.
List of primers used in the study and thermocycler settings for the amplification of Campylobacter virulence genes
| Target gene | Sequences (5ʹ–3ʹ) | Annealing temperature (°C) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16S rRNA for Campylobacter spp. | F-ATCTAATGGCTTAACCATTAAAC | 55 | (56) |
| mapA for C. jejuni | F-CTATTTTATTTTTGAGTGCTTGTG | 55 | (56) |
| ceuE for C. coli | F-AATTGAAAATTGCTCCAACTATG | 55 | (56) |
| flaA | F-AATAAAAATGCTGATAAAACAGGTG | 53 | (9) |
| flaA-SVR | F-CTATGGATGAGCAATT(AT)AAAAT | 50 | (39) |
| cadF | F-TTGAAGGTAATTTAGATATG | 45 | (30) |
| iam | F-GCGCAAAATATTATCACCC | 50 | (9) |
| ciaB | F-TGCGAGATTTTTCGAGAATG | 62 | (5) |
| pldA | F-AAGCTTATGCGTTTTT | 47 | (9) |
| cdtA | F-CCTTGTGATGCAAGCAATC | 55 | (9) |
| cdtB | F-CAGAAAGCAAATGGAGTGTT | 55 | (9) |
| cdtC | F-CGATGAGTTAAAACAAAAAGATA | 53 | (9) |
| pebA | F-GCTCTAGGTGCTTGTGTTGC | 50 | (51) |
| porA | F-TCAACTGGACACTTGAAGGTGC | 52 | (51) |
| jlpA | F-GCACACAGGGAATCGACAGC | 52 | (51) |
| virB11 | F-TCTTGTGAGTTGCCTTACCCCTTTT | 55 | (9) |
| cgtB | F-TAAGAGCAAGATATGAAGGTG | 52 | (35) |
| wlaN | F-TGCTGGGTATACAAAGGTTGTG | 54 | (42) |
Characteristics of backyard Polish poultry holdings and sampled birds
| Backyard No. | Location | Number and species of birds sampled | Breeds samples | Other animals kept | Number of positive samples (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dogs and cats | Others | Total | |||||
| 1 | Rural area | 35 ducks | Polish Pekin duck | 3 dogs | 8 goats | 15 | 3/45 (6.7%) |
| 2 | Rural area | 15 ducks | Khaki Campbell duck | 6 dogs | 0 | 10 | 3/70 (4.3%) |
| 5 | Rural area | 94 ornamental chickens | Araucana, Leghorn, Shamo, Denizli, | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/94 (0.0%) |
| 6 | Rural area | 56 ornamental chickens | Silkie, Shamo, Chabo, Onagadori, Ayam | 2 dogs | 6 goats | 10 | 1/56 (1.8%) |
| 3 | Semiurban | 10 ducks | Polish Pekin duck | 2 dogs | 2 cows | 22 | 1/10 (10.0%) |
| 4 | Semiurban | 40 ornamental chickens | Onagadori, Ko-Shamo, Tomaru, Chabo, | 2 dogs | 0 | 9 | 8/40 (20.0%) |
Gene patterns and profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from backyard-reared Polish ducks and ornamental chickens
| Gene profile | Gene pattern | Number of isolates (%) |
|---|---|---|
| adhesion | pebA-porA-jlpA | 1/14 (7.1) |
| invasion | ciaB-virB11 | 2/14 (14.3) |
| ciaB-pldA | 4/14 (28.6) | |
| cytotoxicity | cdtA-cdtB-cdtC | 1/14 (7.1) |
| cdtA-cdtB | 1/14 (7.1) | |
| cdtA-cdtC | 2/14 (14.3) | |
| GBS | cgtB | 2/14 (14.3) |
Distribution of MICs for Campylobacter strains (n = 16) isolated from Polish backyard poultry
| Antimicrobial agent | Number of isolates with the specific MIC (mg/L) | Resistance (%) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | ||
| TE | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 43.6 | ||||
| E | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 43.6 | ||||||
| CN | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 18.8 | ||||||
| CIP | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 93.8 | ||||||||