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Occurrence of bornaviruses, circoviruses and polyomaviruses in necropsy samples from parrots in Poland (2014–2024) Cover

Occurrence of bornaviruses, circoviruses and polyomaviruses in necropsy samples from parrots in Poland (2014–2024)

Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Infection patterns among necropsied parrots in Poland 2014–2024, including absence of tested viruses (green), single and mixed infections without parrot bornavirus (PaBV) (blue), and infections involving PaBV (pink). BFDV – beak and feather disease virus; ApyV – avian polyomavirus

Fig. 2.

Phylogenetic relationships between parrot bornavirus (PaBV) strains detected in tissue samples of naturally deceased parrots in Poland 2014–2024. The tree is based on partial N-gene sequences and was constructed with distances calculated with the Jukes–Cantor model and using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) are shown at the nodes. Reference sequences of PaBV-1 to PaBV-5, PaBV-7 and PaBV-8 and Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1; outgroup) were retrieved from GenBank; PaBV-6 could not be included due to absence of N-gene sequences in public databases. Two-letter and seven-digit codes are GenBank accession numbers. Black accession numbers – all samples origin from birds from different owners; coloured accession numbers – sequences written in one colour origin from the same owner; B – breeder aviary; H – home birds (from one to a few individuals); BoDV – Borna disease virus

Fig. 3.

Results of viral testing at the bird source–site level, showing sites free of detectable infections (green), those with single or multiple infections without PaBV (blue) and those with infections involving PaBV (pink). PaBV – psittacine bornavirus; BFDV – beak and feather disease virus; APyV – avian polyomavirus

Species distribution of infections

SpeciesScientific nameTotal number of birds testedPaBV-positive birdsBFDV-positive birds
cockatielNymphicus hollandicus2131
Solomons corellaCacatua ducorpsii110
Pink cockatooCacatua leadbeateri000
grey parrotPsittacus erithacus erithacus311
Senegal parrotPoicephalus senegalus311
monk parakeetMyiopsitta monachus310
blue-headed parrotPionus menstruus101
blue-fronted amazonAmazona aestiva1746
yellow-headed amazonAmazona oratrix400
orange-winged amazonAmazona amazonica100
festive amazonAmazona festiva101
Cuban amazonAmazona leucocephala110
barred parakeetBolborhynchus lineola311
caiquePionites spp.1131
green-cheeked parakeetPyrrhura molinae521
burrowing parrotCyanoliseus patagonus101
sun conureAratinga solstitialis220
military macawAra militaris100
golden-collared macawPrimolius auricollis100
blue-winged macawPrimolius maracana300
hyacinth macawAnodorhynchus hyacinthinus101
chestnut-fronted macawAra severus210
blue-and-yellow macawAra ararauna753
Ara harlequinAra ararauna × chloroptera110
red-and-green macawAra chloroptera210
scarlet macawAra macao100
red-shouldered macawDiopsittaca nobilis442
regent parrotPolytelis anthopeplus300
red-breasted parakeetPsittacula alexandri300
plum-headed parakeetPsittacula cyanocephala524
rose-ringed parakeetPsittacula krameri812
Alexandrine parakeetPsittacula eupatria110
Bourke’s parrotNeopsephotus bourkii220
scarlet-chested parrotNeophema splendida934
red-crowned parakeetCyanoramphus novaezelandiae723
eastern rosellaPlatycercus eximius401
crimson rosellaPlatycercus elegans301
Fischer’s lovebirdAgapornis fischeri821
rosy-faced lovebirdAgapornis roseicollis1325
budgerigarMelopsittacus undulatus43317
Total2105059

Yearly distribution of infections

YearTotal number of birds testedPaBV-positive birdsBFDV-positive birdsAPyV-positive birds
2014104 (40.00%)2 (20.00%)5 (50.00%)
201563 (50.00%)0 (0.00%)4 (66.67%)
201691 (11.11%)2 (22.22%)6 (66.67%)
2017163 (18.75%)12 (75.00%)6 (37.50%)
2018189 (50.00%)6 (33.33%)6 (33.33%)
2019303 (10.00%)12 (40.00%)5 (16.67%)
2020345 (14.71%)11 (32.35%)11 (32.35%)
2021268 (30.77%)9 (34.62%)9 (34.62%)
2022297 (24.14%)2 (6.90%)3 (10.34%)
2023156 (40.00%)2 (13.33%)3 (20.00%)
2024171 (5.88%)1 (5.88%)7 (41.18%)
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 7
Submitted on: Jun 17, 2025
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Accepted on: Mar 18, 2026
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Published on: Mar 25, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Ines Szotowska, Aleksandra Ledwoń, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.