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Molecular characterisation of viral pathogens associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in dogs in Türkiye – preliminary study Cover

Molecular characterisation of viral pathogens associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in dogs in Türkiye – preliminary study

Journal of Veterinary Research
AHEAD OF PRINT
By: Hatice Pelin Aslim,  Rüveyde Gülbahçe,  Irmak Dik,  Hasan Sercan Palanci and  Oya Bulut  
Open Access
|Feb 2026

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

(A) Gel image of PCR results with CAdV-1/2-specific primer sets. All 24 samples of the full assortment were negative for CAdV-1/2. M – 100 bp marker; (-) – negative control; (+) – CAdV-2 positive control showing a band at 1,031 bp. (B) Gel image of PCR results with CPV-specific primer sets. Fifteen out of sixteen faecal samples were positive for CPV. M – 100 bp marker; (-) – negative control; (+) – CPV positive control showing a band at 630 bp. (C) Gel image of PCR results with CDV-specific primer sets. Three out of six nasal swab samples were positive for CDV. M – marker; (-) – negative control. (D) Gel images of second-round nested PCR results with CHV-1-specific primer sets. Five out of twenty-three nasal swab samples were positive for CHV-1. M – marker; (-) – negative control; (+) – CHV-1 positive control showing a band at 170 bp
(A) Gel image of PCR results with CAdV-1/2-specific primer sets. All 24 samples of the full assortment were negative for CAdV-1/2. M – 100 bp marker; (-) – negative control; (+) – CAdV-2 positive control showing a band at 1,031 bp. (B) Gel image of PCR results with CPV-specific primer sets. Fifteen out of sixteen faecal samples were positive for CPV. M – 100 bp marker; (-) – negative control; (+) – CPV positive control showing a band at 630 bp. (C) Gel image of PCR results with CDV-specific primer sets. Three out of six nasal swab samples were positive for CDV. M – marker; (-) – negative control. (D) Gel images of second-round nested PCR results with CHV-1-specific primer sets. Five out of twenty-three nasal swab samples were positive for CHV-1. M – marker; (-) – negative control; (+) – CHV-1 positive control showing a band at 170 bp

Fig. 2.

Phylogenetic tree based on the partial VP2 gene of canine parvovirustype 2 (CPV 2) constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 repetitions. CHI – Chinese origin; NG – Nigerian origin; IND – Indian origin; EGY – Egyptian origin; KNY – origin in Konya province of Türkiye; KOR – South Korean origin; ECUA – Ecuadorian origin; ITA – Italian origin; AUS – Australian origin; GER – German origin; JAP – Japanese origin; SPA – Spanish origin; MUG – origin in Muğla province of Türkiye; DEN – origin in Denizli province of Türkiye; MAR – origin in Kahramanmaraş province of Türkiye; COL – Colombian origin; ARG – Argentinian origin; UY – Uruguayan origin; BG – Bangladeshi origin. Purple dots indicate isolates obtained in the present research. Numbers on tree branches are bootstrap support values
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial VP2 gene of canine parvovirustype 2 (CPV 2) constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 repetitions. CHI – Chinese origin; NG – Nigerian origin; IND – Indian origin; EGY – Egyptian origin; KNY – origin in Konya province of Türkiye; KOR – South Korean origin; ECUA – Ecuadorian origin; ITA – Italian origin; AUS – Australian origin; GER – German origin; JAP – Japanese origin; SPA – Spanish origin; MUG – origin in Muğla province of Türkiye; DEN – origin in Denizli province of Türkiye; MAR – origin in Kahramanmaraş province of Türkiye; COL – Colombian origin; ARG – Argentinian origin; UY – Uruguayan origin; BG – Bangladeshi origin. Purple dots indicate isolates obtained in the present research. Numbers on tree branches are bootstrap support values

Fig. 3.

Results of genetic distance analysis of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) sequences. VP2-region sequences of CPV-2 isolates were obtained from the NCBI BLAST database
Results of genetic distance analysis of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) sequences. VP2-region sequences of CPV-2 isolates were obtained from the NCBI BLAST database

Fig. 4.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) amino acid changes in Turkish strains isolated in this study (at the top and bottom of the list) and strains logged in GenBank
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) amino acid changes in Turkish strains isolated in this study (at the top and bottom of the list) and strains logged in GenBank

Fig. 5.

Phylogenetic tree based on the partial H gene of canine distemper virus (CDV) constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 repetitions. BRA – Brazilian origin; CHIL – Chilean origin; USA – US American origin; URY – Uruguayan origin; TR – Turkish origin; GRE – Greek origin; GER – German origin; DNK – Danish origin; PT – Portuguese origin; AUS – Austrian origin; SPA – Spanish origin; ITA – Italian origin; KNY – origin in Konya province of Türkiye; HUNG – Hungarian origin. Green dots indicate isolates obtained in the present research. Numbers on tree branches are bootstrap support values
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial H gene of canine distemper virus (CDV) constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 repetitions. BRA – Brazilian origin; CHIL – Chilean origin; USA – US American origin; URY – Uruguayan origin; TR – Turkish origin; GRE – Greek origin; GER – German origin; DNK – Danish origin; PT – Portuguese origin; AUS – Austrian origin; SPA – Spanish origin; ITA – Italian origin; KNY – origin in Konya province of Türkiye; HUNG – Hungarian origin. Green dots indicate isolates obtained in the present research. Numbers on tree branches are bootstrap support values

Fig. 6.

Results of genetic distance analysis of canine distemper virus (CDV) sequences. H-region sequences of CDV isolates were obtained from the NCBI BLAST database. Sequences obtained in the present research are highlighted in yellow
Results of genetic distance analysis of canine distemper virus (CDV) sequences. H-region sequences of CDV isolates were obtained from the NCBI BLAST database. Sequences obtained in the present research are highlighted in yellow

Fig. 7.

Phylogenetic tree based on the partial TK gene of canine herpesvirus (CHV) constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 repetitions. KNY – origin in Konya province of Türkiye; USA – US American origin; UK – United Kingdom origin; BRA – Brazilian origin; FRA – French origin; JAP – Japanese origin; AUS – Australian origin; ITA – Italian origin. Blue dots indicate isolates obtained in the present research. Numbers on tree branches are bootstrap support values
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial TK gene of canine herpesvirus (CHV) constructed using the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1,000 repetitions. KNY – origin in Konya province of Türkiye; USA – US American origin; UK – United Kingdom origin; BRA – Brazilian origin; FRA – French origin; JAP – Japanese origin; AUS – Australian origin; ITA – Italian origin. Blue dots indicate isolates obtained in the present research. Numbers on tree branches are bootstrap support values

Fig. 8.

Results of genetic distance analysis of canine herpesvirus (CHV) sequences. TK-region sequences of CHV isolates were obtained from the NCBI BLAST database. Sequences obtained in the present research are highlighted in yellow
Results of genetic distance analysis of canine herpesvirus (CHV) sequences. TK-region sequences of CHV isolates were obtained from the NCBI BLAST database. Sequences obtained in the present research are highlighted in yellow

Distribution of pathogen positivity in terms of age

PathogenAge
0–12 months13–48 months49 months and olderTotal
PositiveNegativePositiveNegativePositiveNegativePositiveNegative
n%n%n%n%n%n%n%n%
Distemper virus* (Swab analysis**)10.85644.121.63729.110.83023.643.112396.9
Parvovirus* (Faecal analysis**)2830.11617.21516.11212.91314.099.75660.23739.8
Herpesvirus* (Swab analysis**)25.91132.438.8926.500926.5514.72985.3

Distribution of pathogen positivity in terms of sample type

PathogenFaecesSwabTotal
PositiveNegativePositiveNegativePositiveNegative
N%n%n%n%n%n%
Distemper virus0093100411.83088.243.112396.9
Statistical values: P-value < 0.05; χ2 = 11.297
Parvovirus5660.23739.8No analysis performed5660.23739.8
HerpesvirusNo analysis performed514.72985.3514.72985.3

Distribution of pathogen positivity in terms of sex

PathogenSex
FemaleMaleTotal
PositiveNegativePositiveNegativePositiveNegative
N%n%n%n%n%n%
Distemper virus* (Swab analysis**)21.66047.221.66349.643.112396.9
Parvovirus* (Faecal analysis**)2526.92324.73133.31415.15660.23739.8
Herpesvirus* (Swab analysis**)38.81132.425.91852.9514.72985.3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608
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Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 8, 2025
|
Accepted on: Jan 15, 2026
|
Published on: Feb 4, 2026
Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
canine adenovirus,
canine parvovirus,
canine distemper virus,
canine herpesvirus
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Molecular biology,
Microbiology and virology,
Life sciences, other,
Medicine,
Veterinary medicine

© 2026 Hatice Pelin Aslim, Rüveyde Gülbahçe, Irmak Dik, Hasan Sercan Palanci, Oya Bulut, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT