Table 1.
Oligonucleotide primer and probe sequences used for detection of pathogens causing cranioventral pulmonary consolidation in slaughtered Polish pigs
| Pathogen | Target (gene) | Oligonucleotide sequence (5′–3′) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| APP | apxIVA | apxIVANEST1-F: GGGGACGTAACTCGGTGATT apxIVANEST1-R: GCTCACCAACGTTTGCTCAT apxIVAPr (probe): FAM-CGGTGCGGACACCTATATCT-BHQ1 | (42) |
| GLAS | infB | CTinfF1: CGACTTACTTGAAGCCATTCTTCTT CTinfR1: CCGCTTGCCATACCCTCTT CTinfP: FAM-ATCGGAAGTATTAGAATTAAGTGC-TAMRA | (44) |
| MHP | p102 | P102f: GTCAAAGTCAAAGTCAGCAAAC P102r: AGCTGTTCAAATGCTTGTCC P102 probe: Cy5-ACCAGTTTCCACTTCATCGCCTCA-BHQ2 | (24) |
| MHR | p37 | Mhr-p37-RT-F: TATCTCATTGACCTTGACTAAC Mhr-p37-RT-R: ATTTTCGCCAATAGCATTTG Mhr-p37-Probe: FAM-CATCCTCTTGCTTGACTACTCCTG-BHQ1 | (43) |
| STREP | recN | SSrecN-F: CTACAAACAGCTCTCTTCT SSrecN-R: ACAACAGCCAATTCATGGCGTGATT | (13) |
| PCV2 | ORF1 | P1570: TGGCCCGCAGTATTCTGATT P1642: CAGCTGGGACAGCAGTTGAG P1591 (probe): FAM-CCAGCAATCAGACCCCGTTGGAATG-TAMRA | (29) |
| PCV3 | rep | PCV3_353_F: TGACGGAGACGTCGGGAAAT PCV3_465_R: CGGTTTACCCAACCCCATCA PCV3_418_probe: FAM-GGGCGGGGTTTGCGTGATTT-BHQ1 | (8) |
| swIAV | M gene | IAV-M1-F: AGATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCG IAV-M1-R1: TGCAAAAACATCTTCAAGTCTCTG IAV-M1-R2: TGCAAAGACACTTTCCAGTCTCTG IAV-M1-FAM (probe): FAM-TCAGGCCCCCTCAAAGCCGA-BHQ1 | (16) |
Table 2.
Within-herd prevalence of respiratory pathogens in PCR-positive Polish pig herds
| Pathogen | Number of positive farms (of 22 total) | Within-herd prevalence (%) | 95% confidence interval | Range | Median |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APP | 1 | 20.0 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| GLAS | 21 | 67.6 | 55.8–79.4 | 10.0–95.0 | 75.0 |
| MHP | 21 | 92.4 | 85.7–99.1 | 35.0–100 | 100 |
| MHR | 15 | 17.3 | 11.4–23.2 | 5.0–45.0 | 15.0 |
| STREP | 2 | 27.5 | 17.1–37.9 | 20.0–35.0 | 27.5 |
| PRRSV1 | 12 | 40.0 | 23.0–57.0 | 5.0–100 | 30.0 |
| PRRSV2 | 2 | 22.5 | 5.2–39.8 | 10.0–35.0 | 22.5 |
| PCV2 | 19 | 51.3 | 36.6–66.0 | 5.0–100 | 45.0 |
| PCV3 | 21 | 32.4 | 22.4–42.4 | 5.0–80.0 | 20.0 |
| swIAV | 2 | 20.0 | 13.1–26.9 | 15.0–25.0 | 20.0 |
2 APP – Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; GLAS – Glaesserella parasuis; MHP – Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; MHR – Mycoplasma hyorhinis; STREP – Streptococcus suis; PRRSV1/2 – porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1/2; PCV2/3 – porcine circovirus 2/3; swIAV – swine influenza A virus; N/A – not applicable
Table 3.
Combinations of swine respiratory pathogens at the farm level in slaughtered Polish pigs examined by PCR
| Combination of pathogens | Number of positive farms (of 22 total) | Prevalence (%) | 95% Confidence interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| APP+GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3 | 7 | 31.8 | 16.4–52.6 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV1+PCV3+swIAV | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3+swIAV | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PCV2+PCV3 | 3 | 13.6 | 4.7–33.3 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV2+PCV2 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV2+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+STREP+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+STREP+PRRSV1+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PCV2 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| MHP+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
| GLAS+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.8–21.8 |
Table 4.
Mean cranioventral pulmonary consolidation (CVPC) scores for different patterns of co-infection detected in the lungs of slaughtered Polish pigs
| Pattern of co-infection | Number of pigs affected (of 440 total) | Mean CVPC score (± SD) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PCV2 | 5 | 9.00 | 0.0517 |
| MHP+MHR+PCV3 | 1 | 9.00 | 0.2065 |
| MHP+MHR+PCV2 | 1 | 8.00 | 0.2519 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV2 | 1 | 8.00 | 0.2519 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV1+PCV2 | 4 | 7.25 | 0.4248 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV2 | 1 | 7.00 | 0.3020 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV3 | 13 | 6.46 | 0.0321 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3 | 5 | 6.20 | 0.5488 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2 | 13 | 6.08 | 0.3212 |
| APP+MHP+PRRSV1 | 2 | 6.00 | 0.2924 |
| MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2 | 1 | 6.00 | 0.3729 |
| GLAS+STREP+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 6.00 | 0.3729 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PCV3 | 4 | 5.75 | 0.1654 |
| MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3 | 2 | 5.50 | 0.9606 |
| MHP+MHR | 2 | 5.00 | 0.8483 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV2+PCV2 | 1 | 5.00 | 0.4993 |
| MHP+PRRSV1+PCV3+swIAV | 1 | 5.00 | 0.4993 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR | 20 | 4.95 | 0.5113 |
| MHP+PRRSV1 | 13 | 4.85 | 0.5047 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PCV2+PCV3 | 6 | 4.67 | 0.7993 |
| MHP+PRRSV2 | 2 | 4.50 | 0.4687 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV1 | 2 | 4.50 | 0.7305 |
| GLAS+MHP+MHR+PRRSV1+PCV3 | 2 | 4.50 | 0.8652 |
| MHP | 38 | 4.16 | reference |
| PCV3 | 1 | 4.00 | 0.7172 |
| MHP+PRRSV1+PCV3 | 3 | 4.00 | 0.8763 |
| MHP+MHR+PCV2+PCV3 | 2 | 4.00 | 0.6539 |
| APP+GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2 | 1 | 4.00 | 0.7172 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV3+swIAV | 4 | 4.00 | 0.9670 |
| MHP+PCV3 | 19 | 3.95 | 0.9260 |
| MHP+STREP | 3 | 3.67 | 0.8244 |
| GLAS+MHP+PRRSV1 | 27 | 3.48 | 0.4428 |
| MHP+PCV2+PCV3 | 17 | 3.47 | 0.7309 |
| GLAS+MHP+PCV2 | 35 | 3.37 | 0.3623 |
| GLAS+MHP+PCV3 | 9 | 3.33 | 0.5240 |
| GLAS+MHP | 58 | 3.17 | 0.2953 |
| GLAS+MHP+PCV2+PCV3 | 30 | 3.07 | 0.2003 |
| MHP+PCV2 | 26 | 3.04 | 0.3147 |
| MHP+MHR+PRRSV1 | 1 | 3.00 | 0.9734 |
| MHP+PRRSV2+PCV3 | 4 | 3.00 | 0.9067 |
| GLAS | 4 | 2.00 | 0.2558 |
| GLAS+MHP+swIAV | 1 | 2.00 | 0.5901 |
| GLAS+MHP+STREP+PCV2 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.4519 |
| APP+MHP+PRRSV1+PCV2+PCV3 | 1 | 2.00 | 0.5901 |
| GLAS+MHP+STREP | 4 | 1.75 | 0.1960 |
| GLAS+PCV2+PCV3 | 7 | 1.14 | 0.0199 |
| GLAS+PCV2 | 21 | 1.05 | 0.0002 |
| PCV2+PCV3 | 4 | 1.00 | 0.0526 |
| MHP+PCV2+swIAV | 1 | 1.00 | 0.3226 |
| PCV2 | 8 | 0.38 | 0.0006 |
| None | 2 | 0.50 | 0.0807 |
| swIAV | 1 | 0.00 | 0.1320 |
| GLAS+MHR | 1 | 0.00 | 0.1320 |
| GLAS+STREP | 1 | 0.00 | 0.1320 |
| GLAS+PRRSV1+PCV2 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.1320 |
4* – pairwise comparisons of MHP (reference) with other patterns of infection or co-infection; SD – standard deviation; GLAS – Glaesserella parasuis; MHP – Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; MHR – Mycoplasma hyorhinis; PCV2/3 – porcine circovirus 2/3; PRRSV1/2 – porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1/2; APP – Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; STREP – Streptococcus suis; swIAV – swine influenza A virus; P-values in bold are statistically significant
Fig. 1.
The mean values of cranioventral pulmonary consolidation (CVPC) lesion scores in the lungs of slaughtered Polish pigs depending on the infectious agent. SD – standard deviation; GLAS – Glaesserella parasuis; MHP – Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; MHR – Mycoplasma hyorhinis; APP – Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; STREP – Streptococcus suis; PRRSV1/2 – porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1/2; PCV2/3 – porcine circovirus 2/3; swIAV – swine influenza A virus