Table 1.
Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in different regions of Poland between 2005 and 2021
| Location in Poland | Clinical signs | Age | Origin | Detection method | Total | Positive | % | Assemblages | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dogs | |||||||||
| Lublin | asymptomatic | nd | city & rural comp. | ELISA | 86 | 46 | 53.5 | - | (17) |
| Warsaw | asymptomatic | nd | companion | IFA | 256 | 47 | 18.4 | - | (35) |
| Warsaw | nd | nd | nd | microscopy | 350 | 18 | 5.1 | A–I, C, D | (48) |
| Unknown | asymptomatic | > 1y | sled dogs | IFA | 108 | 31 | 28.7 | - | (4) |
| West-central | nd | nd | comp. & shelter | microscopy, PCR | 148 | 3 | 2.0 | C, D | (41) |
| Wrocław | symptomatic | 3m–10y | companion | POC lateral flow coproantigen ELISA, PCR | 128 | 27 | 21.1 | B, C, D | (32) |
| Masovian Voivodeship and Lesser Poland Voivodeship | nd | nd | companion | microscopy | 207 | 37 | 17.8 | - | (5) |
| Warsaw | mixed | >1y | shelter | microscopy, PCR | 74 | 20 | 27.0 | C, D, F | (40) |
| Masovian Voivodeship | nd | 3w–16y | nd | microscopy | 3613 | 299 | 8.3 | - | (6) |
| Pomeranian Voivodeship, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodship, Silesian Voivodeship, Lodz Voivodeship, Holy Cross Voivodeship, Lesser Poland Voivodeship and Subcarpathian Voivodeship | mixed | >2m–11y | companion | PCR | 217 | 13 | 6.0 | C, D | (31) |
| Cats | |||||||||
| Warsaw | asymptomatic | nd | city comp. | IFA | 81 | 10 | 12.3 | - | (35) |
| Warsaw | nd | nd | companion | IFA, PCR | 160 | 6 | 3.8 | A, B, D | (20) |
| Wrocław | symptomatic | 3m–10y | companion | POC lateral flow coproantigen ELISA, PCR | 33 | 5 | 15.2 | A, F | (32) |
| nd | mixed | >1y | companion & stray | PCR | 63 | 3 | 4.8 | F | (22) |
| Warsaw | mixed | >1y | shelter | microscopy, PCR | 13 | 6 | 46.2 | D, F | (40) |
| Masovian Voivodeship | nd | 3w–16y | nd | microscopy | 1612 | 93 | 5.8 | - | (6) |
| Pomeranian Voivodeship, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, Silesian Voivodeship, Lodz Voivodeship, Holy Cross Voivodeship, Lesser Poland Voivodeship and Subcarpathian Voivodeship | mixed | >2m–11y | companion | PCR | 76 | 3 | 3.9 | A, F | (31) |
Fig. 1.
Giardia duodenalis cysts in Polish canine faecal samples visible in a microscopic preparation obtained by the zinc flotation method
Fig. 2.
Consensus sequences of assemblages of Giardia duodenalis isolated from canine faecal samples in Poland
Fig. 3.
Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in canine faecal samples from different voivodeships in Poland
Fig. 4.
Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in feline faecal samples from different voivodeships in Poland
Fig. 5.
Phylogenetic relationships of selected Giardia duodenalis assemblages (GI) isolated from canine and feline faecal samples in Poland. Green squares – assemblage C isolates and their GenBank reference sequence; orange squares – assemblage D isolates and reference sequence; blue squares – assemblage B isolates and reference sequence; purple circles – assemblage F isolates and reference sequence; mitred red squares – outgroup reference sequences