Effect of chokeberry pomace as a feed additive for high-producing dairy goats on oxidative stress parameters and quality of milk

Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska; Maima Matin; Krzysztof Niemczuk; Nina Strzałkowska; Zbigniew Osiński; Karina Horbańczuk; Agnieszka Wierzbicka; Jarosław Olav Horbańczuk; Atanas Georgiev Atanasov; Artur Jóźwik

doi:10.2478/jvetres-2024-0052

Figures & Tables

Milk parameter correlation coefficients with the activity of lysosomal enzymes and other measured non-enzymatic antioxidant parameters AlaAP – aminopeptidase; LeuAP – leucyl aminopeptidase; ArgAP – arginyl aminopeptidase; AcP – acid phosphatase; β-GRD – β-glucuronidase; β-GAL – β-galactosidase; β-GLU – β-glucosidase; HEX – β-N-acetylhexosaminidase; α-GLU – α-galactosidase; MAN – mannosidase; DPPH – 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; Vit C – vitamin C; GSH – glutathione; Pol – polyphenol; Log SCC – logarithmic somatic cell count; Prot – protein; Cas – casein; Lac – lactose; TS – total solids; SNF – solids-non-fat; Cit acid – citric acid; FP – freezing-point; FFA – free fatty acid; D – density (of milk); NA – natural acidity

Physicochemical parameters of milk in the control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

Physicochemical parameters of milk	Amount of additive	Mean ± standard deviation		Statistical significance (P-value)
		Start	Finish	Within group A1, A2 and C	Between C and A1 and C and A2	Between C and A1	Between C and A2	Between A1 and A2
		Start	Finish	Start to finish	Finish	Start to finish		Finish
Log somatic cell count	15g (A1)	2.65 ± 0.57	2.68 ± 0.17	0.831
	30g (A2)	2.63 ± 0.24	2.61 ± 0.20	0.912	0.184	0.992	0.619	0.626
	30g (A2)	2.63 ± 0.24	2.61 ± 0.20	0.912	0.070	0.992	0.619	0.626
	control (C)	2.68 ± 0.39	2.90 ± 0.20	0.187
Fat (%)	15g (A1)	2.94 ± 0.42	2.73 ± 0.20	0.251
	30g (A2)	3.30 ± 0.41	2.56 ± 0.36	<0.001*	0.757	0.403	0.066	0.316
	30g (A2)	3.30 ± 0.41	2.56 ± 0.36	<0.001*	0.511	0.403	0.066	0.316
	control (C)	2.88 ± 0.32	2.68 ± 0.50	0.264
Protein (%)	15g (A1)	2.85 ± 0.24	2.82 ± 0.14	0.793
	30g (A2)	2.76 ± 0.20	2.94 ± 0.27	0.106	0.883	0.162	0.013*	0.271
	30g (A2)	2.76 ± 0.20	2.94 ± 0.27	0.106	0.359	0.162	0.013*	0.271
	control (C)	2.66 ± 0.27	2.74 ± 0.29	0.093
Casein (%)	15g (A1)	2.01 ± 0.22	1.87 ± 0.19	0.189
	30g (A2)	1.98 ± 0.18	2.06 ± 0.26	0.482	0.438	0.604	0.227	0.085
	30g (A2)	1.98 ± 0.18	2.06 ± 0.26	0.482	0.371	0.604	0.227	0.085
	control (C)	1.93 ± 0.27	1.96 ± 0.25	0.784
Lactose (%)	15g (A1)	4.80 ± 0.25	4.76 ± 0.20	0.708
	30g (A2)	4.83 ± 0.14	4.82 ± 0.22	0.828	0.550	0.184	0.418	0.573
	30g (A2)	4.83 ± 0.14	4.82 ± 0.22	0.828	0.946	0.184	0.418	0.573
	control (C)	4.89 ± 0.15	4.82 ± 0.19	0.484
Total solids (%)	15g (A1)	10.97 ± 0.64	10.86 ± 0.32	0.707
	30g (A2)	11.28 ± 0.60	10.84 ± 0.62	0.112	0.946	0.777	0.835	0.934
	30g (A2)	11.28 ± 0.60	10.84 ± 0.62	0.112	0.881	0.777	0.835	0.934
	control (C)	10.79 ± 0.54	10.88 ± 0.73	0.732
Solids not fat (%)	15g (A1)	8.13 ± 0.41	7.99 ± 0.25	0.404
	30g (A2)	8.08 ± 0.29	8.15 ± 0.45	0.671	0.684	0.877	0.389	0.309
	30g (A2)	8.08 ± 0.29	8.15 ± 0.45	0.671	0.566	0.877	0.389	0.309
	control (C)	8.01 ± 0.31	8.06 ± 0.34	0.797
Urea (mg/L)	15g (A1)	241.56 ± 76.05	257.67 ± 92.03	0.652
	30g (A2)	234.89 ± 67.15	199.50 ± 46.60	0.312	0.202	1.000	0.100	0.100
	30g (A2)	234.89 ± 67.15	199.50 ± 46.60	0.312	0.765	1.000	0.100	0.100
	control (C)	257.67 ± 102.27	210.25 ± 52.78	0.202
Freezing point (°C)	15g (A1)	-0.592.89 ± 11.59	-0.584.11 ± 20.34	0.187
	30g (A2)	-0.589.8 ± 99.09	-0.600.80 ± 17.55	0.094	0.026*	0.010*	0.893	0.012*
	30g (A2)	-0.589.8 ± 99.09	-0.600.80 ± 17.55	0.094	0.859	0.010*	0.893	0.012*
	control (C)	-0.601.67 ± 4.12	-0.599.63 ± 13.78	0.764
Free fatty acids (mmol/100 g fat)	15g (A1)	0.61 ± 0.11	0.79 ± 0.43	0.140
	30g (A2)	0.60 ± 0.10	0.63± 0.17	0.780	0.113	0.084	0.630	0.191
	30g (A2)	0.60 ± 0.10	0.63± 0.17	0.780	0.713	0.084	0.630	0.191
	control (C)	0.58 ± 0.38	0.59 ± 0.17	0.923
Density (g/mL)	15g (A1)	1023.96 ± 1.65	1023.37 ± 1.48	0.416
	30g (A2)	1023.24 ± 0.85	1024.75 ± 1.95	0.036*	0.691	0.518	0.011*	0.054
	30g (A2)	1023.24 ± 0.85	1024.75 ± 1.95	0.036*	0.138	0.518	0.011*	0.054
	control (C)	1022.90 ± 1.60	1023.66 ± 1.25	0.308
Natural acidity (⁰T)	15g (A1)	16.89 ± 1.62	14.44 ± 2.01	0.001*
	30g (A2)	16.78 ± 0.67	15.80 ± 1.32	0.170	0.354	<0.001*	0.023*	0.059
	30g (A2)	16.78 ± 0.67	15.80 ± 1.32	0.170	0.007*	<0.001*	0.023*	0.059
	control (C)	17.44 ± 1.42	13.75 ± 1.83	<0.001*
Citric acid (%)	15g (A1)	0.10 ± 0.03	0.09 ± 0.01	0.849
	30g (A2)	0.09 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.03	0.953	0.863	1.0	0.953	0.953
	30g (A2)	0.09 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.03	0.953	0.815	1.0	0.953	0.953
	control (C)	0.09 ± 0.03	0.09 ± 0.03	0.863

The activity of aminopeptidases in milk in the control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

Enzymes	Amount of additive	Mean ± standard deviation		Statistical significance (P-value)
		Start	Finish	Within group A1, A2 and C	Between C and A1 and C and A2	Between C and A1	Between C and A2	Between A1 and A2
		Start	Finish	Start to finish	Finish	Start to finish		Finish
Alanyl-aminopeptidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	2.96 ±0 .37	3.65 ± 0.40	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	2.91 ± 0.13	3.80 ± 0.40	<0.001*	0.248	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.302
	30g (A2)	2.91 ± 0.13	3.80 ± 0.40	<0.001*	0.853	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.302
	control (C)	2.85 ± 0.24	3.83 ± 0.23	<0.001*
Leucyl-aminopeptidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	2.98 ± 0.35	3.53 ± 0.25	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	2.90 ± 0.12	3.87 ± 0.36	<0.001*	0.014*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.011*
	30g (A2)	2.90 ± 0.12	3.87 ± 0.36	<0.001*	0.965	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.011*
	control (C)	2.87 ± 0.23	3.88 ± 0.31	<0.001*
Arginyl-aminopeptidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	3.01 ± 0.37	3.59 ± 0.42	0.001*
	30g (A2)	2.94 ± 0.15	3.66 ± 0.41	<0.001*	0.676	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.642
	30g (A2)	2.94 ± 0.15	3.66 ± 0.41	<0.001*	0.982	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.642
	control (C)	2.88 ± 0.24	3.66 ± 0.29	<0.001*

The activity of lysosomal enzymes in milk in the control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

Enzymes	Amount of additive	Mean ± standard deviation		Statistical significance (P-value)
		Start	Finish	Within group A1, A2 and C	Between C and A1 and C and A2	Between C and A1	Between C and A2	Between A1 and A2
		Start	Finish	Start to finish	Finish	Start to finish		Finish
Acid phosphatase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	17.78 ± 2 .87	20.29 ± 1.83	0.005*
	30g (A2)	17.28 ± 0.82	23.28 ± 2.01	<0.001*	0.069	0.001*	<0.001*	0.001*
	30g (A2)	17.28 ± 0.82	23.28 ± 2.01	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.001*	<0.001*	0.001*
	control (C)	17.33 ± 1.36	18.64 ± 1.23	0.146
β-glucuronidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	0.99 ± 0.14	1.26 ± 0.10	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	0.97 ± 0.05	1.35 ± 0.12	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.051
	30g (A2)	0.97 ± 0.05	1.35 ± 0.12	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.051
	control (C)	0.96 ± 0.08	1.00 ± 0.06	0.413
β-galactosidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	4.10 ± 0.29	5.08 ± 0.32	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	4.01 ± 0.24	5.50 ± 0.56	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.014*
	30g (A2)	4.01 ± 0.24	5.50 ± 0.56	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.014*
	control (C)	3.95 ± 0.41	3.66 ± 0.10	0.092
β-glucosidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	3.99 ± 1.15	5.10 ± 0.36	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	4.18 ± 0.17	5.67 ± 0.51	<0.001*	0.038*	0.003*	<0.001*	0.050*
	30g (A2)	4.18 ± 0.17	5.67 ± 0.51	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.003*	<0.001*	0.050*
	control (C)	4.17 ± 0.55	4.45 ± 0.50	0.349
α-glucosidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	4.27 ± 0.26	5.14 ± 0.33	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	4.41 ± 0.22	5.37 ± 0.52	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.230
	30g (A2)	4.41 ± 0.22	5.37 ± 0.52	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.230
	control (C)	4.28 ± 0.46	4.39 ± 0.50	0.566
N-acetylhexosaminidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	9.00 ± 1.12	10.18 ± 0.81	0.004*
	30g (A2)	9.07± 0.63	11.64 ± 0.95	<0.001*	0.021*	0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	9.07± 0.63	11.64 ± 0.95	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*
	control (C)	8.77 ± 0.68	9.22 ± 0.60	0.266
Mannosidase (nmol/mg protein/h)	15g (A1)	2.23 ± 0.31	2.53 ± 0.23	0.008*
	30g (A2)	2.19 ± 0.07	2.67 ± 0.21	<0.001*	0.421	0.020*	<0.001*	0.186
	30g (A2)	2.19 ± 0.07	2.67 ± 0.21	<0.001*	0.038*	0.020*	<0.001*	0.186
	control (C)	2.27 ± 0.24	2.44 ± 0.22	0.133

The activity of antioxidant non-enzymatic compounds in milk in control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

Non-enzymatic compounds	Amount of additive	Mean ± standard deviation		Statistical significance (P-value)
		Start	Finish	Within group A1, A2 and C	Between C and A1 and C and A2	Between C and A1	Between C and A2	Between A1 and A2
		Start	Finish	Start to finish	Finish	Start to finish		Finish
(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (% of remaining DPPH)	15g (A1)	80.03 ± 3.60	85.77 ± 2.68	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	80.95 ± 1.54	87.47 ± 1.32	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.097
	30g (A2)	80.95 ± 1.54	87.47 ± 1.32	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.097
	control (C)	80.80 ± 1.49	80.37 ± 1.52	0.684
Vitamin C (mg/100mL)	15g (A1)	1.88 ± 0.22	2.10 ± 0.34	0.059*
	30g (A2)	1.91 ± 0.24	2.11 ± 0.27	0.107	0.978	0.414	0.337	0.901
	30g (A2)	1.91 ± 0.24	2.11 ± 0.27	0.107	0.882	0.414	0.337	0.901
	control (C)	1.99 ± 0.25	2.09 ± 0.28	0.444
Reduced glutation (μM)	15g (A1)	24.46 ± 4.09	55.56 ± 10.60	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	22.84 ± 2.98	66.50 ± 20.59	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.029*
	30g (A2)	22.84 ± 2.98	66.50 ± 20.59	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.029*
	control (C)	21.76 ± 2.33	29.64 ± 7.77	0.132
Polyphenols (mg/GAE/mL)	15g (A1)	3.78 ± 0.32	6.97 ± 1.14	<0.001*
	30g (A2)	3.51 ± 0.38	8.11 ± 1.01	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.001*
	30g (A2)	3.51 ± 0.38	8.11 ± 1.01	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.001*
	control (C)	3.68 ± 0.44	3.81 ± 0.51	0.712

Effect of chokeberry pomace as a feed additive for high-producing dairy goats on oxidative stress parameters and quality of milk

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Physicochemical parameters of milk in the control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

The activity of aminopeptidases in milk in the control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

The activity of lysosomal enzymes in milk in the control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

The activity of antioxidant non-enzymatic compounds in milk in control and experimental groups at the start and finish of chokeberry supplementation to dairy goats

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