Fig 1.
Fig 2.
Fig 3.
Analytes of interest in chickens’ eggs and farm animals’ livers and the limit of quantification (LOQ) and measurement uncertainty (MU) validation parameters
| Compound | Acronym | LOQ in meat (μg/kg w.w.) | LOQ in eggs(μg/kg w.w.) | MU in meat (%) | MU in eggs (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| perfluorobutanesulfonic acid | PFBS | 0.001 | 0.003 | 12 | 18 |
| perfluorohexanoic acid | PFHxA | 0.008 | 0.033 | 14 | 14 |
| perfluoroheptanoic acid | PFHpA | 0.013 | 0.048 | 18 | 11 |
| perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | PFHxS | 0.005 | 0.015 | 13 | 21 |
| perfluorooctanoic acid | PFOA | 0.016 | 0.032 | 16 | 26 |
| perfluorononanoic acid | PFNA | 0.010 | 0.020 | 10 | 19 |
| linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid | L-PFOS | 0.009 | 0.017 | 27 | 25 |
| branched perfluorooctanesulfonic acid | Br-PFOS | 0.009 | 0.017 | 27 | 25 |
| perfluorodecanoic acid | PFDA | 0.014 | 0.027 | 15 | 11 |
| perfluoropentanesulfonic acid | PFPeS | 0.005 | 0.009 | 13 | 16 |
| perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid | PFHpS | 0.003 | 0.016 | 31 | 32 |
| perfluoroundecanoic acid | PFUdA | 0.013 | 0.024 | 24 | 32 |
| perfluorododecanoic acid | PFDoA | 0.011 | 0.028 | 31 | 25 |
Levels of the remaining PFASs determined in chickens’ eggs and cows’, chickens’ and horses’ livers (μg/kg)
| Compound | Concentration (μg/kg wet weight) in livers of: | Concentration (μg/kg) in chickens’ eggs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cows | Chickens | Horses | |||
| PFHxA | mean | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| median | - | - | - | - | |
| range | - | - | - | - | |
| PFHpA | mean | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| median | - | - | - | - | |
| range | - | - | - | - | |
| PFDA | mean | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.032 | <LOQ |
| median | 0.084 | 0.12 | 0.028 | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.62 | <LOQ–0.12 | <LOQ–0.045 | - | |
| PFUnDA | mean | 0.083 | 0.031 | 0.032 | 0.030 |
| median | 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.030 | |
| range | LOQ–0.35 | <LOQ–0.040 | <LOQ–0.041 | <LOQ–0.030 | |
| PFDoA | mean | 0.031 | 0.064 | 0.017 | <LOQ |
| median | 0.022 | 0.064 | 0.017 | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.066 | <LOQ–0.064 | <LOQ–0.020 | - | |
| PFBS | mean | 0.0037 | 0.0014 | 0.0019 | <LOQ |
| median | 0.0037 | 0.0014 | 0.0019 | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0011 | <LOQ–0.0011 | <LOQ–0.0019 | - | |
| PFPeS | mean | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| median | - | - | - | - | |
| range | - | - | - | - | |
| PFHpS | mean | 0.0057 | 0.0076 | 0.0034 | <LOQ |
| median | 0.0054 | 0.0076 | 0.0034 | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0073 | <LOQ–0.010 | <LOQ–0.0036 | - | |
Levels of total perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (∑PFOS), branched (Br-) PFOS, linear (L-) PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) determined in chickens’ eggs and cows’, chickens’ and horses’ livers
| Compound | Concentration in liver (μg/kg wet weight) | Concentration in chickens’ eggs(μg/kg) | ML in Commission Regulation 2023/915 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cows’ | Chickens’ | Horses’ | ||||
| ∑PFOS | mean | 0.33 | 0.090 | 0.11 | 0.081 | |
| median | 0.22 | 0.090 | 0.13 | 0.081 | liver 6.0 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.90 | <LOQ–0.15 | <LOQ–0.15 | <LOQ–0095 | eggs 1.0 | |
| Br-PFOS | mean | 0.11 | 0.029 | 0.021 | <LOQ | |
| median | 0.046 | 0.029 | 0.023 | - | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.32 | <LOQ–0.29 | <LOQ–0.29 | - | ||
| L-PFOS | mean | 0.24 | 0.073 | 0.098 | 0.081 | |
| median | 0.17 | 0.076 | 0.10 | 0.081 | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.73 | <LOQ–0.13 | <LOQ–0.13 | <LOQ–0095 | ||
| PFOA | mean | 0.032 | 0.17 | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| median | 0.032 | 0.17 | - | - | liver 0.70 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.032 | <LOQ–0.17 | - | - | eggs 0.30 | |
| PFNA | mean | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.028 | 0.031 | |
| median | 0.086 | 0.10 | 0.028 | 0.031 | liver 0.40 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.40 | <LOQ–0.10 | <LOQ–0.033 | <LOQ–0.031 | eggs 0.70 | |
| PFHxS | mean | <LOQ | 0.047 | <LOQ | <LOQ | liver 0.50 |
| median | - | 0.0047 | - | - | eggs 0.30 | |
| range | - | <LOQ–0.047 | - | - | ||
| LB∑4 PFAS | mean | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.096 | liver 8.0 |
| median | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.096 | eggs 1.70 | |
| range | 0.11–1.8 | 0.000–0.26 | 0.04–0.18 | 0.094–0.097 | ||