Table 1.
Mycotoxin levels in tested feed samples spiked with a mixture of standards
| Mycotoxin | Spiking level (μg/kg) |
|---|---|
| Aflatoxin B1 | 5 |
| Deoxynivalenol | 900 |
| T-2 toxin | 50 |
| HT-2 toxin | 50 |
| Ochratoxin A | 50 |
| Fumonisin B1 | 250 |
| Fumonisin B2 | 250 |
| Zearalenone | 100 |
Fig. 1.
Scheme of the experiment to evaluate selected sorbents’ binding effectiveness to mycotoxin animal feed contaminants PBS – phosphate-buffered saline; LC-MS/MS – liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry
Table 2.
Mycotoxin sorption results for the selected sorbents in the gastric phase (pH 3.5)
| DON | FB1 | FB2 | HT-2 | OTA | AFL B1 | T-2 | ZEN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bentonite | 10% | 21% | 33% | 9% | 0% | 100% | 4% | 5% |
| Calcium bentonite | 4% | 93% | 91% | 10% | 14% | 100% | 12% | 12% |
| Zeolite | 1% | 71% | 85% | 3% | 3% | 100% | 1% | 1% |
| Calcium lignosulphonate | 87% | -* | -* | 54% | 52% | 0% | 31% | 17% |
| Activated charcoal | 70% | 94% | 80% | 100% | 99% | 100% | 99% | 98% |
| Sepiolite | 3% | 91% | 83% | 72% | 94% | 100% | 93% | 96% |
| Silica | 3% | 12% | 27% | 8% | 1% | 84% | 1% | 1% |
| Attapulgite | 7% | 9% | 79% | 13% | 21% | 100% | 32% | 27% |
| Ground attapulgite | 2% | 38% | 34% | 10% | 17% | 100% | 32% | 52% |
Table 4.
Mycotoxin binding results for the mixture of sepiolite and calcium lignosulphonate
| DON | OTA | ZEN | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sepiolite: calcium lignosulfonate 20 : 80 | 72% | 29% | 36% |
| Sepiolite: calcium lignosulfonate 40 : 60 | 75% | 63% | 41% |
| Sepiolite: calcium lignosulfonate 60 : 40 | 71% | 68% | 78% |
| Sepiolite: calcium lignosulfonate 80 : 20 | 62% | 82% | 82% |
Table 3.
Mycotoxin desorption results for the selected sorbents in the intestinal phase (pH 7.0)
| DON | FB1 | FB2 | HT-2 | OTA | AFL B1 | T-2 | ZEN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bentonite | -* | 56% | 40% | -* | -* | 0% | -* | -* |
| Calcium bentonite | -* | 73% | 45% | -* | -* | 0% | -* | -* |
| Zeolite | -* | 80% | 56% | -* | -* | 0% | -* | -* |
| Calcium lignosulphonate | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | -* | 100% | -* |
| Activated charcoal | 59% | 2% | 2% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% |
| Sepiolite | -* | 22% | 13% | 58% | 17% | 0% | 20% | 5% |
| Silica | -* | -* | 100% | -* | -* | 40% | -* | -* |
| Attapulgite | -* | -* | 24% | -* | 77% | 0% | 95% | 74% |
| Ground attapulgite | -* | 46% | 23% | -* | 83% | 0% | 87% | 72% |
Table 5.
Results of mycotoxins binding by sorbents in trial with naturally contaminated feed in the gastric (pH 3.5) and intestinal (pH 7.0) phases
| DON pH 3.5 | DON pH 7.0 | OTA pH 3.5 | OTA pH 7.0 | ZEN pH 3.5 | ZEN pH 7.0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bentonite | 5% | -* | 30% | 92% | 9% | -* |
| Calcium bentonite | 1% | -* | 35% | 70% | 9% | -* |
| Zeolite | 4% | -* | 54% | 65% | 10% | -* |
| Calcium lignosulphonate | 11% | -* | 34% | 50% | 7% | -* |
| Activated charcoal | 3% | -* | 39% | 70% | 4% | -* |
| Sepiolite | 1% | -* | 53% | 89% | 6% | -* |
| Silica | 4% | -* | 49% | 81% | 11% | -* |
| Attapulgite | 2% | -* | 54% | 76% | 8% | -* |
| Ground attapulgite | 3% | -* | 55% | 87% | 5% | -* |
