Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
List of Gallibacterium anatis isolates obtained from flocks of hens
| Isolate | Type of flock | Age of birds (weeks) | Tract of sample origin |
|---|---|---|---|
| GA1 | layer | 28 | respiratory |
| GA2 | layer | 28 | respiratory |
| GA3 | layer | 31 | respiratory |
| GA4 | layer | 30 | reproductive |
| GA5 | layer | 28 | reproductive |
| GA6 | layer | 31 | reproductive |
| GA7 | layer | 31 | reproductive |
| GA8 | layer | 28 | reproductive |
| GA9 | layer | 28 | reproductive |
| GA10 | layer | 30 | reproductive |
| GA11 | layer | 25 | respiratory |
| GA12 | broiler | 4 | respiratory |
| GA13 | broiler | 4 | respiratory |
| GA14 | broiler | 3 | respiratory |
| GA15 | layer | 27 | reproductive |
| GA16 | layer | 29 | reproductive |
| GA17 | layer | 28 | reproductive |
| GA18 | broiler | 4 | respiratory |
| GA19 | broiler | 4 | gastrointestinal |
| GA20 | broiler | 3 | gastrointestinal |
| GA21 | broiler | 4 | gastrointestinal |
| GA22 | broiler | 4 | gastrointestinal |
| GA23 | broiler | 3 | gastrointestinal |
| GA24 | broiler | 4 | gastrointestinal |
| GA25 | broiler | 4 | gastrointestinal |
| GA26 | broiler | 4 | gastrointestinal |
Antibiotic resistance of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica isolates by anatomical tract of sample origin (disc diffusion method)
| Antibiotic | Dose μg | Respiratory (n) | Resistance (%) | Reproductive (n) | Resistance (%) | Gastrointestinal (n) | Resistance (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| enrofloxacin | 5 | 2 | 25.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 5 | 62.5 |
| tilmicosin | 15 | 8 | 100.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 8 | 100.0 |
| amoxicillin | 25 | 5 | 62.5 | 10 | 100.0 | 8 | 100.0 |
| doxycycline | 30 | 5 | 62.5 | 2 | 20.0 | 8 | 100.0 |
| ceftazidime | 30 | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 10.0 | 5* | 62.5 |
| tylosin | 30 | 8 | 100.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 3* | 37.5 |
| colistin | 50 | 2 | 25.0 | 1 | 10.0 | 8* | 100.0 |
| florfenicol | 30 | 3 | 37.5 | 1 | 10.0 | 5 | 62.5 |
List of antibiotics used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica isolates
| Antibiotic class | Antibiotic |
|---|---|
| aminoglycoside | gentamicin |
| β-lactam | amoxicillin |
| ampicillin | |
| cephalosporin | ceftazidime |
| amphenicol | florfenicol |
| chloramphenicol | |
| fluoroquinolone | enrofloxacin |
| ciprofloxacin | |
| glycopeptide | vancomycin |
| teicoplanin | |
| lipopeptide | daptomycin |
| macrolide | erythromycin |
| tylosin | |
| tilmicosin | |
| oxazolidinone | linezolid |
| polymyxin | colistin |
| streptogramin | quinupristin/dalfopristin |
| tetracycline | tetracycline |
| doxycycline | |
| tigecycline |
Antibiotic resistance of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica isolates (disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods)
| Antibiotic class | Antibiotic | Resistance % |
|---|---|---|
| aminoglycoside | gentamicin | 69.2 |
| β-lactam | amoxicillin | 88.0 |
| ampicillin | 73.1 | |
| cephalosporin | ceftazidime | 19.0 |
| amphenicol | florfenicol | 15.0 |
| chloramphenicol | 0.0 | |
| fluoroquinolone | enrofloxacin | 88.0 |
| ciprofloxacin | 69.2 | |
| glycopeptide | vancomycin | 88.5 |
| teicoplanin | 92.3 | |
| lipopeptide | daptomycin | 69.2 |
| erythromycin | 96.2 | |
| macrolide | tylosin | 100.0 |
| tilmicosin | 100.0 | |
| oxazolidinone | linezolid | 92.3 |
| polymyxin | colistin | 31.0 |
| streptogramin | quinupristin/dalfopristin | 100.0 |
| tetracycline | tetracycline | 96.2 |
| doxycycline | 46 | |
| tigecycline | 57.7 |