Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Levels of other perfluoroalkyl substances determined in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk (μg/kg)
| Compound | Cow | Goat | Sheep | LOQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFHxA | mean | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.0055 | |
| median | - | - | 0.0028 | 0.001 | |
| range | - | - | <LOQ–0.0114 | ||
| PFHpA | mean | <LOQ | 0.0015 | 0.0016 | |
| median | - | 0.0015 | 0.0016 | 0.001 | |
| range | - | <LOQ–0.0015 | <LOQ–0.0019 | ||
| PFDA | mean | 0.0021 | 0.0023 | 0.0024 | |
| median | 0.0021 | 0.0024 | 0.0020 | 0.001 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0021 | <LOQ–0.0032 | <LOQ–0.0042 | ||
| PFUnDA | mean | 0.0019 | 0.0017 | 0.0018 | |
| median | 0.0019 | 0.0016 | 0.0013 | 0.001 | |
| range | LOQ-0.0019 | <LOQ–0.0026 | <LOQ–0.0032 | ||
| PFDoA | mean | 0.0011 | 0.0014 | 0.0017 | |
| median | 0.0011 | 0.0014 | 0.0015 | 0.001 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0011 | <LOQ–0.0015 | <LOQ–0.0026 | ||
| PFTrDA | mean | <LOQ | 0.0057 | 0.0058 | |
| median | - | 0.0057 | 0.0050 | 0.004 | |
| range | - | <LOQ–0.0070 | <LOQ–0.0091 | ||
| PFTeDA | mean | 0.0055 | 0.0063 | 0.0073 | |
| median | 0.0057 | 0.0057 | 0.0061 | 0.004 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0065 | <LOQ–0.0105 | <LOQ–0.0129 | ||
| PFBS | mean | 0.0012 | 0.0015 | 0.0015 | |
| median | 0.0012 | 0.0015 | 0.0014 | 0.001 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0012 | <LOQ–0.0020 | <LOQ–0.0020 | ||
| PFPeS | mean | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| median | - | - | - | 0.001 | |
| range | - | - | - | ||
| PFHpS | mean | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| median range | - | - | - | 0.001 |
Estimated intake (ng/kg body weight) of perfluoroalkyl substances (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) with a statistically average weekly portion and recommended weekly portion of milk based on mean and 95th percentile upper-bound concentrations
| Perfluoroalkyl substance concentration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | Adults | |||||
| Mean | 95th Percentile | Mean | 95th Percentile | |||
| Intake ng/kg b.w | ||||||
| Cow | 0.153/0.652 | 0.199/0.848 | 0.050/0.215 | 0.066/0.280 | ||
| Goat | 0.259/1.106 | 0.529/2.258 | 0.086/0.365 | 0.175/0.745 | ||
| Sheep | 0.266/1.136 | 0.486/2.076 | 0.088/0.375 | 0.160/0.685 | ||
PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS levels in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk (μg/kg)
| Compound | Cow | Goat | Sheep | LOQ | Indicative level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∑PFOS | mean | 0.0017 | 0.0048 | 0.0038 | ||
| median | 0.0014 | 0.0026 | 0.0033 | 0.001 | 0.020 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0034 | <LOQ–0.0174 | <LOQ–0.0096 | |||
| L-PFOS | mean | 0.0015 | 0.0033 | 0.0025 | ||
| median | 0.0014 | 0.0023 | 0.0020 | 0.001 | - | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0034 | <LOQ–0.0129 | <LOQ–0.0047 | |||
| PFOA | mean | 0.0016 | 0.0016 | 0.0017 | ||
| median | 0.0015 | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | 0.001 | 0.010 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0023 | <LOQ–0.0022 | <LOQ–0.0026 | |||
| PFNA | mean | 0.0015 | 0.0014 | 0.0020 | ||
| median | 0.0015 | 0.0014 | 0.0016 | 0.001 | 0.050 | |
| range | <LOQ–0.0016 | <LOQ–0.0015 | <LOQ–0.0037 | |||
| PFHxS | mean | <LOQ | 0.0027 | <LOQ | ||
| median | - | 0.0027 | - | 0.001 | 0.060 | |
| range | - | <LOQ–0.0015 | - | |||
| UB∑4 PFAS | mean | 0.0043 | 0.0073 | 0.0075 | ||
| median | 0.0040 | 0.0056 | 0.0065 | 0.0040 | - | |
| range | 0.0040–0.0064 | 0.0040–0.0224 | 0.0041–0.0156 | |||
| LB∑4 PFAS | mean | 0.0008 | 0.0046 | 0.0055 | ||
| median | 0.0000 | 0.0026 | 0.0045 | - | - | |
| range | 0.0000–0.0035 | 0.0000–0.0214 | 0.0011–0.0136 |