Table 1.
Overview of turkey flocks analysed in the study
| Minimum | Maximum | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | |
| Number of poults | 1,050 | 4,250 | 34,995 | 29,942 |
| Weight of livestock sold (kg) | 21,640 | 27,297 | 648,214 | 294,584 |
Table 2.
Use of antibiotics in the analysed turkey flocks in the three-year period 2019–2021
| Males | Females | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of flocks | 124 | 114 | 238 |
| Number of birds (poults) | 1,025,725 | 1,053,984 | 2,079,709 |
| Weight of livestock sold, t | 19,312 | 9,838 | 29,150 |
| Amount of active substances used, kg | 4,385.4 | 1,702.6 | 6,088 |
| Use of active substances per livestock weight, mg/kg | 227 | 173 | 209 |
Table 3.
Use of antibiotics in the analysed turkey flocks in individual study years
| Year of study | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Number of flocks | 76 | 81 | 81 |
| Males | 43 | 39 | 42 |
| Females | 33 | 42 | 39 |
| Number of poults | 604,656 | 696,058 | 778,999 |
| Males | 311,656 | 315,987 | 426,341 |
| Females | 293,000 | 380,071 | 352,654 |
| Weight of livestock sold, t | 8,446 | 9,474 | 11,230 |
| Males | 5,702 | 5,767 | 7,843 |
| Females | 2,744 | 3,707 | 3,387 |
| Amount of active substances used, kg | 2,256.8 | 2,085.0 | 1,746.0 |
| Males | 1,726.1 | 1,391.9 | 1,267.3 |
| Females | 530.7 | 693.1 | 478.7 |
| Mean ± SD use (mg/kg) of antibiotics in a given year | 258 ± 220.1a | 204 ± 157.4a | 149 ± 130.4b |
| Males | 299 ± 215.9a | 241 ± 154.6b | 157 ± 134.2b |
| Females | 206 ± 217.5a | 178 ± 155.1a | 140 ± 127.2a |
Fig. 1.
Trends in the use of antimicrobials per livestock weight in flocks of male and female turkeys in individual study years
Table 4.
Use of antibiotics per livestock weight in the analysed flocks of turkeys, considering antibiotic use intervals
| Antibiotic use intervals (mg/kg) | Number of turkey flocks | Males and females | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | ||||||||
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Total | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Total | ||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 0.1-5 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 11 |
| 5.01-10.00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10.01-50.00 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 22 | 28 |
| 50.01-100.00 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 24 | 38 |
| 100.01-150.00 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 19 | 32 |
| 150.01-200.00 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 12 | 29 |
| 200.01-250.00 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 22 |
| > 250.01 | 22 | 20 | 8 | 50 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 23 | 73 |
Table 5.
The mean use (mg/kg) of different antibiotic classes in the analysed turkey flocks in individual study years
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Amoxicillin | 73.6 | 32.3 | 43.3 | 46.6 | 46.2 | 59.4 |
| Colistin | 45.1 | 40.1 | 19.4 | 30.1 | 22.2 | 18.5 |
| Doxycycline | 99.6 | 83.2 | 52.5 | 72.1 | 42.1 | 35.8 |
| Enrofloxacin | 13.3 | 16.5 | 5.1 | 17.7 | 18.9 | 4.8 |
| Florfenicol | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Lincomycin | 3.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.7 |
| Neomycin | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Oxytetracycline | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
| Spectinomycin | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.4 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 9.1 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 2.4 |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 0.0 | 31.1 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 |
| Trimethoprim | 1.9 | 7.1 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 |
| Tilmicosin | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tylosin | 45.3 | 7.3 | 9.0 | 22.4 | 32.1 | 6.3 |
| Apramycin | 0.0 | 2.1 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tiamulin | 0.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Total | 299.0 | 241.0 | 157.0 | 206.0 | 178.0 | 140.0 |