Fig. 1.
Use of antibiotics in the analysed turkey flocks in individual study years
| Year of study | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Number of flocks | 76 | 81 | 81 |
| Males | 43 | 39 | 42 |
| Females | 33 | 42 | 39 |
| Number of poults | 604,656 | 696,058 | 778,999 |
| Males | 311,656 | 315,987 | 426,341 |
| Females | 293,000 | 380,071 | 352,654 |
| Weight of livestock sold, t | 8,446 | 9,474 | 11,230 |
| Males | 5,702 | 5,767 | 7,843 |
| Females | 2,744 | 3,707 | 3,387 |
| Amount of active substances used, kg | 2,256.8 | 2,085.0 | 1,746.0 |
| Males | 1,726.1 | 1,391.9 | 1,267.3 |
| Females | 530.7 | 693.1 | 478.7 |
| Mean ± SD use (mg/kg) of antibiotics in a given year | 258 ± 220.1a | 204 ± 157.4a | 149 ± 130.4b |
| Males | 299 ± 215.9a | 241 ± 154.6b | 157 ± 134.2b |
| Females | 206 ± 217.5a | 178 ± 155.1a | 140 ± 127.2a |
Use of antibiotics in the analysed turkey flocks in the three-year period 2019–2021
| Males | Females | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of flocks | 124 | 114 | 238 |
| Number of birds (poults) | 1,025,725 | 1,053,984 | 2,079,709 |
| Weight of livestock sold, t | 19,312 | 9,838 | 29,150 |
| Amount of active substances used, kg | 4,385.4 | 1,702.6 | 6,088 |
| Use of active substances per livestock weight, mg/kg | 227 | 173 | 209 |
Overview of turkey flocks analysed in the study
| Minimum | Maximum | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | |
| Number of poults | 1,050 | 4,250 | 34,995 | 29,942 |
| Weight of livestock sold (kg) | 21,640 | 27,297 | 648,214 | 294,584 |
Use of antibiotics per livestock weight in flocks of turkeys administered autogenous vaccines
| Males | Females | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of flocks | Antibiotic use mg/kg | Number of flocks | Antibiotic use mg/kg | Number of flocks | Antibiotic use mg/kg |
| 29 | 171 | 11 | 166 | 40 | 170 |
Use of antibiotics per livestock weight in the analysed flocks of turkeys, considering antibiotic use intervals
| Antibiotic use intervals (mg/kg) | Number of turkey flocks | Males and females | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | ||||||||
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Total | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Total | ||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 0.1-5 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 11 |
| 5.01-10.00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10.01-50.00 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 22 | 28 |
| 50.01-100.00 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 24 | 38 |
| 100.01-150.00 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 19 | 32 |
| 150.01-200.00 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 12 | 29 |
| 200.01-250.00 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 22 |
| > 250.01 | 22 | 20 | 8 | 50 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 23 | 73 |
The mean use (mg/kg) of different antibiotic classes in the analysed turkey flocks in individual study years
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Amoxicillin | 73.6 | 32.3 | 43.3 | 46.6 | 46.2 | 59.4 |
| Colistin | 45.1 | 40.1 | 19.4 | 30.1 | 22.2 | 18.5 |
| Doxycycline | 99.6 | 83.2 | 52.5 | 72.1 | 42.1 | 35.8 |
| Enrofloxacin | 13.3 | 16.5 | 5.1 | 17.7 | 18.9 | 4.8 |
| Florfenicol | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Lincomycin | 3.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.7 |
| Neomycin | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Oxytetracycline | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
| Spectinomycin | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.4 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 9.1 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 2.4 |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 0.0 | 31.1 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 |
| Trimethoprim | 1.9 | 7.1 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 |
| Tilmicosin | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tylosin | 45.3 | 7.3 | 9.0 | 22.4 | 32.1 | 6.3 |
| Apramycin | 0.0 | 2.1 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tiamulin | 0.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Total | 299.0 | 241.0 | 157.0 | 206.0 | 178.0 | 140.0 |