Fig. 1
Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ cells (±SD) in splenic CD8α+ T lymphocytes collected from the examined turkeys receiving immunomodulators before the day of infection with HEV
| Group | Mean percentage of CD8α+IFN-γ+ T cells (±SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dpi | 5 dpi | 7 dpi | |
| I-M/HEV+ | 2.78cd (±0.88) | 12.00b (±0.94) | 15.99a (±0.86) |
| I-M/HEV− | 5.33bd (±0.91) | 6.01d (±0.50) | 4.37c (±0.95) |
| I-B/HEV+ | 2.73c (±0.61) | 9.34cd (±1.24) | 10.42a (±0.89) |
| I-B/HEV− | 10.54a (±3.55) | 9.94bc (±1.09) | 7.69b (±1.11) |
| C/HEV+ | 2.66c (±0.33) | 15.17a (±0.88) | 5.78c (±0.87) |
| C/HEV− | 6.43b (±1.33) | 14.47a (±2.11) | 11.20a (±0.93) |
Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ cells (±SD) in splenic CD4+ T lymphocytes collected from the examined turkeys receiving immunomodulators before the day of infection with HEV
| Group | Mean percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells (±SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dpi | 5 dpi | 7 dpi | |
| I-M/HEV+ | 3.64c (±0.45) | 10.58a (±2.44) | 11.29a (±1.15) |
| I-M/HEV− | 3.04c (±1.36) | 3.69c (±0.38) | 4.75cd (±0.90) |
| I-B/HEV+ | 2.31c (±0.32) | 9.12ab (±0.87) | 6.38bc (±1.85) |
| I-B/HEV− | 7.22a (±2.50) | 5.77cd (±0.92) | 8.74b (±0.94) |
| C/HEV+ | 2.26c (±0.41) | 7.20bd (±1.32) | 3.54cd (±0.45) |
| C/HEV− | 5.47b (±1.45) | 7.03bd (±0.98) | 4.52cd (±0.17) |
Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ cells (±SD) in splenic CD4+ T lymphocytes collected from the examined turkeys receiving immunomodulators after the day of infection with HEV
| Group | Mean percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells (±SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dpi | 5 dpi | 7 dpi | |
| II-M/HEV+ | 2.33b (±0.48) | 10.67a (±1.12) | 5.73b (±0.93) |
| II-M/HEV− | 6.13a (±0.43) | 8.06ab (±2.46) | 7.94ab (±0.91) |
| II-B/HEV+ | 1.83b (±0.23) | 8.81ab (±0.44) | 3.52c (±0.45) |
| II-B/HEV− | 4.69a (±0.49) | 10.41a (±2.08) | 7.86ab (±3.29) |
| C/HEV+ | 2.26b (±0.41) | 7.20b (±1.32) | 3.54c (±0.45) |
| C/HEV− | 5.47a (±1.45) | 7.03b (±0.98) | 4.52c (±0.17) |
Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ cells (±SD) in splenic CD4+ T lymphocytes collected from the examined turkeys receiving immunomodulators prior to, at the time of, and after infection with HEV
| Group | Mean percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells (±SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dpi | 5 dpi | 7 dpi | |
| III-M/HEV+ | 3.56cd (±0.72) | 8.19cd (±0.95) | 10.17a (±0.80) |
| III-M/HEV− | 8.36a (±0.74) | 7.67cd (±0.99) | 6.69bc (±0.19) |
| III-B/HEV+ | 2.43c (±0.36) | 9.91abd (±0.76) | 8.37abc (±0.87) |
| III-B/HEV− | 4.71bd (±0.88) | 10.98a (±0.51) | 8.02ac (±1.73) |
| C/HEV+ | 2.26c (±0.41) | 7.20c (±1.32) | 3.54d (±0.45) |
| C/HEV− | 5.47b (±1.45) | 7.03c (±0.98) | 4.52d (±0.17) |
Experimental design
| Group | Day of life/day post infection | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2–27 | 28–38 | 39–41 | 42/0 | 43/1 | 44/2 | 45/3 (S) | 46/4 | 47/5 (S) | 48/6 | 49/7 (S) | |
| I-M/HEV+ | EI | |||||||||||
| I-M/ HEV− | Meth | PBS | ||||||||||
| I-B/HEV+ | β-Glu + MOS | EI | ||||||||||
| I-B/HEV− | PBS | |||||||||||
| II-M/HEV+ | Random | EI | ||||||||||
| II-M/ HEV− | division of | PBS | Meth | |||||||||
| II-B/HEV+ | chicks into | Rearing | EI | |||||||||
| II-B/ HEV− | 14 groups of | under | PBS | β-Glu + MOS | ||||||||
| 20 birds | standard | EI | ||||||||||
| HEV+ III-M/ | each and | techniques | Meth | |||||||||
| introduction | and | Meth | PBS | Meth | ||||||||
| III-M/HEV− | into | procedures | Meth | |||||||||
| experimental | EI | |||||||||||
| HEV+ III-B/ | boxes | β-Glu+MOS | ||||||||||
| − | β-Glu + MOS | PBS | β-Glu + MOS | |||||||||
| III-B/HEV | β-Glu+MOS | |||||||||||
| C/HEV+ | EI | |||||||||||
| C/ HEV− | PBS | |||||||||||
Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ cells (±SD) within splenic CD8α+ T lymphocytes collected from the examined turkeys receiving immunomodulators prior to, at the time of, and after infection with HEV
| Group | Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells (±SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dpi | 5 dpi | 7 dpi | |
| III-M/HEV+ | 5.60bd (±1.94) | 12.55bc (±1.08) | 11.42a (±0.89) |
| III-M/HEV− | 9.99a (±1.93) | 11.84c (±1.07) | 6.95b (±1.30) |
| III-B/HEV+ | 3.22cd (±0.87) | 16.42a (±0.88) | 11.46a (±0.84) |
| III-B/HEV− | 4.35bcd (±0.84) | 7.51d (±1.91) | 6.87b (±0.84) |
| C/HEV+ | 2.66c (±0.33) | 15.17ab (±0.88) | 5.78b (±0.87) |
| C/HEV− | 6.43b (±1.33) | 14.47ab (±2.11) | 11.20a (±0.93) |
Results of PCR amplification of the HE virus hexon gene fragment in spleen samples taken from four turkeys from each group
| Group | % of samples positive for HEV genetic material by dol/dpi | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 45/3 | 47/5 | 49/7 | |
| I-M/HEV+ | 0 | 50 | 25 |
| I-M/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| I-B/HEV+ | 25 | 75 | 25 |
| I-B/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| II-M/HEV+ | 25 | 75 | 50 |
| II-M/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| II-B/HEV+ | 50 | 100 | 75 |
| II-B/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| III-M/HEV+ | 0 | 75 | 25 |
| III-M/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| III-B/HEV+ | 0 | 75 | 50 |
| III-B/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C/HEV+ | 50 | 100 | 100 |
| C/HEV− | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mean percentage of IFN-γ+ cells (±SD) within splenic CD8α+ T lymphocytes collected from the examined turkeys receiving immunomodulators after the day of infection with HEV
| Group | Mean percentage of CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells (±SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dpi | 5 dpi | 7 dpi | |
| II-M/HEV+ | 2.74b (±0.35) | 17.12a (±0.96) | 10.60a (±1.16) |
| II-M/HEV− | 7.16a (±0.49) | 13.02bc (±2.49) | 7.61bc (±0.87) |
| II-B/HEV+ | 3.57b (±0.24) | 15.38ac (±0.90) | 8.32b (±1.44) |
| II-B/HEV− | 5.73a (±0.82) | 7.21b (±2.40) | 5.70c (±1.32) |
| C/HEV+ | 2.66b (±0.33) | 15.17ac (±0.88) | 5.78c (±0.87) |
| C/HEV− | 6.43a (±1.33) | 14.47ac (±2.11) | 11.20a (±0.93) |