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Molecular detection, risk factors and public awareness of avian bornavirus among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia Cover

Molecular detection, risk factors and public awareness of avian bornavirus among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Research
Volume 66 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)
By: Syamsiah Mohd Lutpi,  Jalila Abu,  Siti Suri Arshad and  Nor Yasmin Rahaman  
Open Access
|Dec 2022

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Peninsular Malaysia sampling locations for waterfowl (A) and pet birds (B) where cloacal swabs or faeces were taken for molecular detection by RT-PCR
Peninsular Malaysia sampling locations for waterfowl (A) and pet birds (B) where cloacal swabs or faeces were taken for molecular detection by RT-PCR

Fig. 2

Agarose gel electrophoresis result in pet birds using avian bornavirus (ABV) M primers yielding an expected PCR product of 350 bp. Lane 1 – 50 bp DNA ladder; Lane 2 – negative control; Lane 3 – positive control; Lanes 4-6 – ABV-positive; Lanes 7 and 8 – ABV-negative
Agarose gel electrophoresis result in pet birds using avian bornavirus (ABV) M primers yielding an expected PCR product of 350 bp. Lane 1 – 50 bp DNA ladder; Lane 2 – negative control; Lane 3 – positive control; Lanes 4-6 – ABV-positive; Lanes 7 and 8 – ABV-negative

Fig. 3

Agarose gel electrophoresis result in waterfowl using avian bornavirus (ABV) M primers yielding an expected PCR product of 350 bp. Lane 1 – 50 bp DNA; Lane 2 – negative control; Lane 3 – positive control; Lanes 4-17 – ABV-negative
Agarose gel electrophoresis result in waterfowl using avian bornavirus (ABV) M primers yielding an expected PCR product of 350 bp. Lane 1 – 50 bp DNA; Lane 2 – negative control; Lane 3 – positive control; Lanes 4-17 – ABV-negative

Fig. 4

Phylogenetic tree using maximum likelihood tree building based on the partial M gene (350 bp). The tree was constructed based on reference sequences stored in the GenBank database. Sequences emphasised in the box were this study’s ABV-positive samples
Phylogenetic tree using maximum likelihood tree building based on the partial M gene (350 bp). The tree was constructed based on reference sequences stored in the GenBank database. Sequences emphasised in the box were this study’s ABV-positive samples

Knowledge of the participants about avian bornavirus (ABV) and proventricular dilatation disease (PDD)

YesNoI don’t know
ABV and PDD knowledge itemsn (%)n (%)n (%)
Had you ever heard about ABV before?62 (39.2)96 (60.8)0 (0)
Had you ever heard about PDD before?103 (65.2)55 (34.8)0 (0)
PDD is caused by ABV56 (35.4)0 (0)102 (64.6)
It is a fatal disease that can affect mainly the neurological and digestive systems of the bird82 (51.9)0 (0)76 (48.1)
Common species affected by ABV are domestic birds (e.g.: macaws, cockatoos, and cockatiels) and waterfowl (e.g.: ducks, swans, and geese)68 (43)4 (2.5)86 (54.4)
The main signs and symptoms of birds affected by ABV are a reduced appetite, dilatation of the proventriculus, ventriculus or intestines, passage of undigested seeds in the faeces and seizures56 (35.4)2 (1.3)100 (63.3)
ABV is intermittently shed in faeces and urates36 (22.8)4 (2.5)118 (74.7)
ABV can be transmitted by healthy birds without the birds showing any clinical signs46 (29.1)0 (0)112 (70.9)
ABV can be prevented by minimising stress through providing good nutrition and practising good husbandry78 (49.4)4 (2.5)76 (48.1)

Practices of the participants with respect to avian bornavirus and proventricular dilatation disease

ABV and PDD practicesAgreeDisagreeNot sure
n (%)n (%)n (%)
Provide good nutrition with an adequate amount of feed148 (93.7)0 (0)10 (6.3)
Provide good husbandry and adequate ventilation152 (96.2)0 (0)6 (3.8)
Wash hands between handlings of birds150 (94.9)0 (0)8 (5.1)
Use a footbath or disinfect shoes when going from one place to another138 (87.3)2 (1.3)18 (11.4)
Properly clean cages and dispose of bird faeces154 (97.5)0 (0)4 (2.5)
Carry out regular health checks on birds140 (88.6)0 (0)18 (11.4)
Quarantine or isolate if a bird shows signs inviting suspect of PDD154 (97.5)0 (0)4 (2.5)
Quarantine and carry out a health check on a new bird152 (96.2)0 (0)6 (3.8)
Seek veterinarian advice if bird is suspected of having PDD150 (94.9)2 (1.3)6 (3.8)

Prevalence (%) of avian bornavirus in pet birds and waterfowl

CategoryOrderFamilyGenus/speciesCommon nameNo. of tested birdsRT-PCR positive birdsRT-PCR negative birds
Ara araraunaBlue and gold macaw13211
Psittacus erithacusAfrican grey parrot707
PsittacidaeAmazona sp.Amazon parrot312
Aratinga solstitialisSun conure10010
Pyrrhura molinaeGreen-cheeked conure30426
Pionus menstruusBlue-headed pionus101
Nymphicus hollandicusCockatiel12111
Cacatua galeritaSulphur-crested cockatoo14014
PsittaciformesCacatuidaeCacatua albaUmbrella cockatoo101
Cacatua moluccensisSalmon-crested cockatoo101
Probosciger aterrimusBlack palm cockatoo101
Chalcopsitta atraBlack lory101
Pet birds Melopsittacus undulatusBudgerigar15015
PsittaculidaeEclectus roratusEclectus parrot10010
Trichoglossus moluccanusRainbow lorikeet918
Agapornis personatusYellow-collared lovebird10010
Psittacula krameriaRing-necked parakeet12012
Taeniopygia guttataZebra finch24024
EstrildidaeChloebia gouldiaeGouldian finch303
Lonchura oryzivoraJava finch303
PasseriformesFringillidaeSerinus canaria f. domesticaDomestic canary909
CorvidaeCopsychus saularisOriental magpie-robin404
PycnonotidaePycnonotus jocosusRed-whiskered bulbul707
SturnidaeAcridotheres tristisIndian mynah101
Total 2019 (4.5%)192
Anas platyrhynchosPekin duck72072
Anas platyrhynchosKhaki Campbell30030
Anas platyrhynchosDomestic duck17017
AnatidaeCairina moschataMuscovy duck202
WaterfowlAnseriformes Cygnus atratusBlack swan303
Alopochen aegyptiacaEgypt goose808
Anser domesticusDomestic goose909
Cygnus cygnusWhooper swan202
Total 1430 (0%)143

Association between knowledge, attitude and practice scores

VariableCorrelation coefficientP-value
Knowledge-attitude50.0580.000
Knowledge-practice0.2390.625
Attitude-practice4.5190.034

Socio-demographic characteristics of study population

n (/158)Percentage (%)
18-303622.8
Age31-40 41-5098 2062 12.7
51-6042.5
Male13686.1
GenderFemale2213.9
Malay13082.3
Chinese1610.1
RaceIndian106.3
Others21.3
No formal education00
Primary school42.5
EducationSecondary school Matriculation/foundation/college44 2827.8 17.7
University (bachelor, masters, doctorate)7446.8
Others85.1
Characteristic Government3824.1
OccupationPrivate6440.5
Self-employed4427.8
Others127.6
n (/62)
Veterinarian1625.8
Brochures, posters and other printed materials00
Source of ABV informationInternet, blog, website, social, media, Facebook2845.2
Family, friends, neighbours and colleagues1829
Others00
n (103)
Veterinarian1918.4
Brochures, posters and other printed materials00
Source of PDD informationInternet, blog, website, social, media, Facebook7068
Family, friends, neighbours and colleagues1413.6
Others00

Pet bird species and number of faeces samples collected in different locations from 2019 to 2021

DateLocationPet bird speciesAgeManagement (group or individual/pair)Number of faeces samples collected
Ara ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
Aratinga solstitialis (Sun conure)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
27 November 2019Serdang, Selangor
Chalcopsitta atra (Black lory)AdultIndividual/pair1
Pyrrhura molinae (Green-cheeked conure)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
Total 4
Taeniopygia guttata (Zebra finch)AdultGroup18
Chloebia gouldiae (Gouldian finch)AdultIndividual/pair1
Nymphicus hollandicus (Cockatiel)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
28 November 2019Serdang, SelangorNymphicus hollandicus (Cockatiel)AdultGroup7
Serinus canaria f. domestica (Domestic canary)AdultIndividual/pair8
Melopsittacus undulatus (Budgerigar)AdultIndividual/pair1
Copsychus saularis (Magpie-robin)AdultIndividual/pair4
Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul)AdultGroup4
Total 44
Pionus menstruus (Blue-headed pionus)AdultIndividual/pair1
Eclectus roratus (Eclectus parrot)AdultIndividual/pair1
Cacatua galerita (Sulphur crusted cockatoo)AdultIndividual/pair3
20 January 2020Klang, Selangor
Taeniopygia guttata (Zebra finch)AdultGroup6
Lonchura oryzivora (Java finch)AdultGroup3
Chloebia gouldiae (Gouldian finch)AdultGroup2
Total 16
Nymphicus hollandicus (Cockatiel)AdultGroup & indiv/pair2
18 August 2020Ampang, SelangorMelopsittacus undulatus (Budgerigar)JuvenileGroup6
Melopsittacus undulatus (Budgerigar)AdultGroup & indiv/pair8
Total 16
Cacatua galerita (Sulphur-crested cockatoo)JuvenileIndividual/pair2
Pyrrhura molinae (Green-cheeked conure)AdultIndividual/pair6
Aratinga solstitialis (Sun conure)AdultIndividual/pair1
12 September 2020Seberang Prai, Pulau PinangTrichoglossus moluccanus (Rainbow lorikeet)AdultIndividual/pair4
Eclectus roratus (Eclectus parrot)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
Agapornis personatus (Yellow-collared lovebird)AdultGroup & indiv/pair10
Psittacula krameria (Ring-necked parakeet)AdultIndividual/pair8
Total 32
Ara ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)AdultIndividual/pair7
Cacatua galerita (Sulphur-crested cockatoo)AdultIndividual/pair6
Cacatua alba (Umbrella cockatoo)AdultIndividual/pair1
Cacatua moluccensis (Salmon-crested cockatoo)AdultIndividual/pair1
Psittacus erithacus (African grey parrot)AdultIndividual/pair4
24 September 2020Kuala LumpurAmazona sp. (Amazon parrot)AdultIndividual/pair2
Aratinga solstitialis (Sun conure)AdultGroup & indiv/pair5
Aratinga solstitialis (Sun conure)JuvenileGroup1
Eclectus roratus (Eclectus parrot)AdultIndividual/pair4
Trichoglossus moluccanus (Rainbow lorikeet)AdultIndividual/pair1
Acridotheres tristis (Indian mynah)AdultGroup1
Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul)AdultGroup3
Total 36
28 September 2020Ipoh, PerakAra ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
Total 1
Pyrrhura molinae (Green-cheeked conure) Group & indiv/pair16
Adult
Pyrrhura molinae (Green-cheeked conure) Individual/pair7
Juvenile
Trichoglossus moluccanus (Rainbow lorikeet) Individual/pair4
2 October 2020Pasir Puteh, Kelantan Adult
Psittacus erithacus (African grey parrot) Individual/pair2
Adult
Amazona sp. (Amazon parrot) Individual/pair1
Adult
Psittacula krameria (Ring-neck parakeet) 2
Total 32
16 November 2020Serdang, SelangorAra ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)AdultIndividual/pair1
Ara ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
Total 2
Ara ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)AdultIndividual/pair1
Probosciger aterrimus (Black palm cockatoo)AdultIndividual/pair1
Cacatua galerita (Sulphur crested cockatoo)AdultIndividual/pair3
25 November 2020Gombak, SelangorPsittacus erithacus (African grey parrot)AdultIndividual/pair1
Eclectus roratus (Eclectus parrot)AdultIndividual/pair3
Eclectus roratus (Eclectus parrot)JuvenileIndividual/pair1
Psittacula krameria (Ring-necked parakeet)AdultIndividual/pair2
Aratinga solstitialis (Sun conure)AdultIndividual/pair2
Total 14
Ara ararauna (Blue and gold macaw)AdultIndividual/pair1
9 March 2021Rawang, SelangorNymphicus hollandicus (Cockatiel)AdultIndividual/pair2
Serinus canaria f. domestica (Domestic canary)AdultIndividual/pair1
Total 4
All-location total 201

Waterfowl species and number of swabs collected in different locations from 2019 to 2021

DateLocationWaterfowl speciesAgeManagement (group or individual/pair)Number of swabs collected
2 February 2019Kampar, PerakAnas platyrhynchos (Pekin duck)AdultGroup35
Bidor, PerakAnas platyrhynchos (Pekin duck)AdultGroup37
12 October 2019Kuala Pilah, Negeri SembilanAnas platyrhynchos (Khaki Campbell)AdultGroup30
Anas platyrhynchos (domestic duck)AdultGroup14
9 December 2020PutrajayaCairina moschata (Muscovy duck)AdultGroup2
Cygnus atratus (black swan)AdultGroup3
Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egypt goose)AdultGroup8
Anser anser domesticus (DomesticAdultGroup9
12 March 2021Klang, Selangorgoose) Cygus cygus (White swan)AdultGroup2
Anas platyrhynchos (Domestic duck)AdultGroup3
Total 143

Association between ABV-positivity and potential risk factors estimated by binary logistic regression

TotalPrevalence of ABV (%)P-valueOdd ratio95% confidence interval
CategoryPet birds Waterfowl201 1434.5 (9/201) 0 (0/143)0.0101.7 NA1.591–1.914 NA
Psittacidae4610.6 (7/66)0.8440.70.075–6.471
FamilyCacatuidae111.5 (1/66) 1.30.067–23.259
Psittaculidae91.5 (1/66) RefRef
Ara ararauna133 (2/66)0.8670.70.053–8.960
Amazona sp.31.5 (1/66) 0.30.010–5.985
SpeciesPyrrhura molinae306.1 (4/66) 0.80.079–8.352
Factor Nymphicus hollandicus111.5 (1/66) 1.30.067–23.259
Trichoglossus moluccanus91.5 (1/66) RefRef
AgeAdult Juvenile177 243 (6/201) 1.5 (3/201)0.0434.1 Ref0.947–17.499 Ref
East coast323 (6/201)0.0000.10.012–0.388
RegionNorth330.5 (1/201) 0.50.042–5.432
Central1361 (2/201) RefRef
ManagementGroup Individual/pair75 1262.5 (5/201) 2 (4/201)0.2470.5 Ref0.119–1.766 Ref

Attitude of the participants toward ABV and PDD

ABV and PDD attitude criterionYesNoI don’t know
N (%)N (%)N(%)
Do you think PDD is a fatal bird disease?90 (57)4 (2.5)64 (40.5)
Can PDD be prevented?48 (30.4)6 (3.8)104 (65.8)
Do you believe that healthy birds may have ABV but not show any signs or symptoms?72 (45.6)2 (1.3)84 (53.2)
Do you believe that healthy birds with ABV without showing clinical signs may infect other birds?82 (51.9)2 (1.3)74 (46.8)
Should a bird suspected of PDD or having PDD-like symptoms be isolated or quarantined from others?120 (75.9)4 (2.5)34 (21.5)
Will you seek the advice of a veterinarian if your bird has PDD-like symptoms?126 (79.7)12 (7.6)20 (12.7)
Do you carry out regular health checks on your bird?108 (68.4)44 (27.8)6 (3.8)
Should you carry out a health check on a new bird?140 (88.6)8 (5.1)10 (6.3)

Comparison of Demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitude and practice scores

n (158)Knowledge scoreAttitude scorePracticescore
P-valueP-valueP-value
18–3036
31–4098
Age41–50200.0050.0090.000
51–604
Male136
GenderFemale220.2730.7660.243
Malay130
RaceChinese160.6340.3690.469
Indian10
Characteristic Others2
No formal education0
Primary school4
EducationSecondary school440.0370.0840.920
Matriculation/Foundation/College28
University (Bachelors/Masters/Doctorate)74
Other8
Government38
Private64
OccupationSelf-employed440.3220.5290.000
Other12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0061 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 523 - 535
Submitted on: Mar 23, 2022
|
Accepted on: Oct 26, 2022
|
Published on: Dec 21, 2022
Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
avian bornavirus,
proventricular dilatation disease,
RT-PCR,
knowledge,
attitude,
practice survey,
Peninsular Malaysia
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Molecular biology,
Microbiology and virology,
Life sciences, other,
Medicine,
Veterinary medicine

© 2022 Syamsiah Mohd Lutpi, Jalila Abu, Siti Suri Arshad, Nor Yasmin Rahaman, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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