Occurrence of bovine coronavirus and other major respiratory viruses in cattle in Poland

Target	Primer/probe	Sequence (5′–3′)	Amplicon size (bp)	Gene/ protein	Reference
	BCoV-F	CTGGAAGTTGGTGGAGTT
	BCoV-R	ATTATCGGCCTAACATACATC	85	M/matrix
BCoV	BCoV-Pb	FAM-CCTTCATATCTATACACATCAAGTTGTT-BHQ1			(6)
	Sp1	CTTATAAGTGCCCCCAAACTAAAT
	Sp2	CCTACTGTGAGATCACATGTTTG	622	S/spike
	Pesti-F	CTAGCCATGCCCTTAGTAG
	Pesti-R	CGTCGAACCAGTGACGACT
BVDV	BVDV1	FAM-TAGCAACAGTGGTGAGTTCGTTGGATGGCT-BHQ1	106	5′-UTR	(1)
	BVDV2	TxR-TAGCGGTAGCAGTGAGTTCGTTGGATGGCC-BHQ1
	gD5595-F	CCGCCGTATTTTGAGGAGTCG
BoHV-1	gD5704-R	TCGGTCTCCCCTTCRTCCTC	46	gD	(26)
	BHV1-gD-FAM*	FAM-TCGGTCTCCCCTTCRTCCTC-BHQ1
	ACT-1005-F	CAGCACAATGAAGATCAAGATCATC
β Actin	ACT-1135-R	CGGACTCATCGTACTCCTGCTT	130	bACT	(24)
	ACT-1081-HEX	HEX-TCGCTGTCCACCTTCCAGCAGATGT- BHQ1

[i] BCoV – bovine coronavirus; F – forward; R – reverse; BVDV – bovine viral diarrhoea virus; Pesti – pestivirus; UTR – untranslated region; BoHV–1 – bovine herpesvirus 1; FAM – fluorescein amidite; * – modified; gD – glycoprotein D; bACT – β-actin; HEX – hexachlorofluorescein

Table 2

Univariable analysis of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) seroprevalence in cows and presence of genetic material in nasal swabs (shedding) detected by reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

Variable	Seroprevalence					RT-PCR positive
Variable	n/N	%	95% CI	χ²	P	n/N	%	95% CI	χ²	P
Age group^*				23.20	<0.001				5.06	0.080
≤ 3 months	16/89	82.0	73.9–90.1			14/89	15.7	8.0–23.4
3–6 months	102/126	81.0	74.0–87.9			12/126	9.5	4.3–14.7
≥ 6 months	25/51	49.0	34.8–63.2			2/51	3.9	−1.6–9.4
All	201/261	77.0	71.4–82.0			29/261	11.1	7.6–15.6
Sex				0.006	0.940				2.90	0.088
Female	89/120	74.2	65.6–87.1			7/120	5.8	2.4–11.6
Male	25/34	73.5	55.6–87.1			5/34	14.7	5.0–31.1
All	114/154	74.0	66.4–80.8			12/154	7.8	4.1–13.2
Respiratory signs				4.39	0.0361				3.23	0.072
Yes	62/86	72.1	61.4–81.2			15/86	17.4	10.1–27.1
No	57/85	67.1	56.0–76.9			7/85	8.2	3.4–16.2
All	119/171	69.6	62.1–76.4			22/171	12.9	8.2–18.8
BoHV–1 status				13.97	<0.001				0.084	9.772
Seropositive	99/117	84.6	76.8–90.6			13/117	11.1	6.1–18.3
Seronegative	116/179	64.8	57.3–71.8			18/179	10.1	6.1–15.4
All	215/296	72.6	67.2–77.6			31/296	10.5	7.2–14.5
BVDV status				5.98	0.014				1.249	0.264
Seropositive	113/144	78.5	70.9–84.9			18/144	12.5	7.6–19.0
Seronegative	93/142	65.5	57.1–73.3			12/142	8.4	4.4–14.3
All	206/286	72.0	66.4–77.2			30/286	10.5	7.2–14.6
BoHV–1 PCR				1.142	0.285				0.35	0.554
Positive	3/3	100.0	29.2–100.0			0/3	0.0	0.0–70.8
Negative	212/293	72.3	66.9–77.4			31/293	10.6	7.3–14.7
All	215/296	72.6	76.2–77.6			31/296	10.5	7.2–14.5
BVDV RT–PCR				5.107	0.024				0.04	0.841
Positive	3/8	37.5	8.5–75.5			1/8	12.5	0.3–52.7
Negative	212/288	73.6	68.1–78.6			30/288	10.4	7.1–14.5
All	215/296	72.6	67.2–77.6			31/296	10.5	7.2–14/5
BCoV RT–PCR				0.042	0.837
Positive	23/31	74.2	55.4–88.1
Negative	192/265	72.4	66.7–77.7
All	215/296	72.6	67.2–77.6
Herd size^*				29.34	<0.001				10.35	0.006
Smaller (≤77)	31/62	50.0	6.0–62.8			1/62	1.6	−1.6–4.8
Medium (80–590)	128/158	81.0	74.8–87.2			19/158	12.0	6.9–17.1
Larger (≥750)	24/25	96.0	87.7–104.2			6/25	24.0	6.0–42.0
All	183/245	74.7	69.1–80.3			25/245	10.2	6.7–14.8
Province				12.65	0.013				13.04	0.011
Mazowieckie	44/66	66.7	54.0–77.8			9/66	13.6	6.4–24.3
Pomorskie	42/60	70.0	56.8–81.1			2/60	3.3	0.4–11.5
Opolskie	58/70	82.8	71.9–90.8			5/70	7.1	2.4–15.9
Podlaskie	38/45	84.4	70.5–93.5			3/45	6.7	1.4–18.3
Wielkopolskie	33/55	60.0	46.0–73.0			12/55	21.8	11.8–35.0
All	215/296	72.6	67.2–77.6			31/296	10.5	7.2–14.5

[i] n – number of positive animals; N – all animals tested in the category; CI – confidence interval; ^* – age group and herd size variables were categorised into three groups by values of ≤25^th, 25^th–75^th and ≥75^th centile prior to analysis. P-values ≤0.05 were considered significant

Table 3

The final generalised linear mixed model presenting risk factors of bovine coronavirus seropositivity in cattle (number of observations = 229)

Variable	Category	Odds ratio	β (SE)	z	P > \|z\|	95% CI
Age group^*
	≤3 months	reference
	3–6 months	0.58	0.32	−0.99	0.323	0.19–1.72
	≥6 months	0.27	0.14	−2.44	0.015	0.10–0.78
Herd size^*
	Smaller (≤77)	reference
	Medium (80–590)	5.20	2.93	2.91	0.004	1.71–15.72
	Larger (≥750)	39.90	45.78	3.21	0.001	4.21–378.14
Fixed effect		Variance	β (SE)	95% CI
	Province	0.95	0.87	0.16–5.76

[i] SE – standard error; z – Wald z statistic; CI – confidence interval; ^* – age group and herd size variables were categorised into three groups by values of ≤25^th, 25^th – 75^th and ≥75^th centile prior to analysis

Table 4

The final generalised linear mixed model presenting risk factors of bovine coronavirus detection in nasal swabs from individual cattle by reverse transcriptase PCR (number of observations = 229)

Variable	Category	Odds ratio (OR)	β (SE)	z	P > \|z\|	95% CI
Herd size^*
	Smaller (≤77)	reference
	Medium (80–590)	4.22	1.92	3.16	0.004	1.73–10.30
	Larger (≥750)	0.02	0.02	-4.24	<0.001	0.002–0.11
Fixed effect		Variance	β (SE)^c	95% CI
	Age group	1.06	1.66	0.05–23.16

Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of sequences obtained in the study (19). The tree was constructed using a 601-nucleotide-long fragment of the gene encoding the spike protein of BCoV. Sequences acquired in this study are marked by black squares. The country and the date of isolation (when available) are included in the brackets next to each sequence res – respiratory isolate; ent – enteric isolate

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0059 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608 (formerly 2300-3235)

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Language: English

Page range: 479 - 486

Submitted on: Jun 3, 2022

Accepted on: Oct 19, 2022

Published on: Nov 4, 2022

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

BCoV,

BoHV-1,

BVDV,

Related subjects:

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Veterinary medicine

© 2022 Wojciech Socha, Magdalena Larska, Jerzy Rola, Dariusz Bednarek, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 66 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)

Occurrence of bovine coronavirus and other major respiratory viruses in cattle in Poland

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Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

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