Is serological monitoring a fit-for-purpose tool to assess the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the sylvatic species of European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland?

No.	Year of sampling	Date of sampling (dd/mm)	Animal	Year of birth	Age	Sex	Sanitary status	Origin	Population type	S/P value
1	2019	21/02	B	2018	7 mo	XY	culled	Białowieża Forest	free-ranging	2.311
2	2013	21/11	A	2001	12 yrs	XY	immobilised	Białowieża Forest	captive	0.477
3	2018	24/10	E	2013	5 yrs	XX	immobilised	Białowieża Forest	captive	0.530
4	2019	23/02	C	2012	7 yrs	XY	immobilised	Borecka Forest	free-ranging	1.068
5	2018	11/12	D	2008	10 yrs	XX	culled	Smardzewice	captive	11.671
6	2016	01/02	D	2008	8 yrs	XX	immobilised	Smardzewice	captive	1.240
7	2016	14/11	D	2008	8 yrs	XX	immobilised	Smardzewice	captive	3.891
8	2017	18/09	D	2008	9 yrs	XX	immobilised	Smardzewice	captive	4.137
9	2018	22/05	D	2008	10 yrs	XX	immobilised	Smardzewice	captive	4.365

[i] S/P – sample-to-positive

Distribution of sample-to-positive (S/P) values ((O.D. value (optical density at 450 nm) of the test sample − mean O.D. value for negative controls)/(mean O.D. value for positive controls − mean O.D. value for negative controls)) of individual samples

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of 436 European bison tested for the presence of Mycobacterium bovis antibodies with respect to the year of sampling, origin, population type, sanitary status, sex and age group. Statistically significant differences were determined using Pearson’s χ² test. A P value of ≤0.05 was considered significant

		n/N^a	%	95% CI^b	χ²	P
	Year				9.50	0.22
2013		1/13	7.7	0.2–36.0
2014		0/47	0	0–7.5^c
2015		0/63	0	0–5.7
2016		0/43	0	0–8.2
2017		1/81	1.2	0.03–6.7
2018		1/111	0.9	0.02–4.9
2019		2/60	3.33	0.4–11.5
2020		0/18	0	0–18.5
	Origin				18.08	0.26
Bałtów		0/7	0	0–41.0
Białowieża Forest		3/173	1.7	0.4–5.0
Bieszczady Mountains		0/38	0	0–9.2
Gołuchów		0/11	0	0–28.5
Kiermusy		0/5	0	0–52.2
Międzyzdroje		0/5	0	0–52.2
Niepołomice		0/22	0	0–15.4
Pszczyna		0/45	0	0–7.9
Borecka Forest		1/42	2.3	0.06–12.6
Knyszyńska Forest		0/62	0	0–5.8
Smardzewice		1/14	7.1	0.2–33.9
Ustroń		0/2	0	0–84.2
Bydgoszcz Zoo		0/1	0	0–97.5
Łódź Zoo		0/3	0	0–70.7
Warsaw Zoo		0/6	0	0–45.9
Population type					0.11	0.736
free-ranging		2/207	0.9	0.1–3.4
captive		3/229	1.3	0.3–3.7
Sanitary status					0.45	0.93
potentially healthy (immobilised)		3/269	1.1	0.1–3.2
eliminated		2/138	1.4	0.2–5.1
fallen		0/20	0	0–16.8
killed in accidents		0/9	0	0–33.6
Sex					0.49	0.48
XX		2/242	0.8	0.1–2.9
XY		3/194	1.5	0.3–4.4
Age group					3.18	0.20
calves (≤1 year)		1/66	1.5	0.03–8.1
juveniles (2–3 years)		0/161	0	0–2.2
adults (≥4 years)		4/199	2.0	0.5–5.1
no data		0/10	0	0–30.8

[i] ^a – number of ELISA seropositives/numer of all samples tested; ^b – confidence interval; ^c – one-sided 97.5% confidence interval

Table 3

Comparison of an antibody ELISA and tuberculin skin test (TST), interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), and TST and IGRA combined in identification of tuberculosis-affected European bison

Antibody ELISA versus	TST (n^a = 25; 4/21^b)	IGRA (n = 31; 9/22^b)	TST+IGRA (n^a = 33; 13/20^b)
	Positive/negative results
Sensitivity (%)	50.00	22.22	38.46
95% CI^c	6.16–93.24	2.81–60.01	13.86–68.42
Specificity (%)	95.24	90.91	100
95% CI	76.18–99.88	70.84–98.88	83.16–100
Positive predictive value (%)	9.59	2.41	100
95% CI	1.22–47.64	0.41–12.10	−
Negative predictive value (%)	99.47	99.14	99.38
95% CI	98.60–99.80	98.76–99.41	99.05–99.60
Accuracy	94.76	90.22	99.38
95% CI	77.86–99.72	74.12–97.91	88.27–100
Kappa	0.503	0.157	0.431
95% CI	0.019–0.987	−0.191–0.506	0.148–0.713
S/P values
Area under ROC curve	0.619	0.848	0.867
Standard error^d	0.205	0.077	0.0773
95% CI	0.405–0.804	0.674–0.951	0.704–0.960
Significance level P	0.562	<0.0001	<0.0001
Youden’s J statistics^e	0.452	0.641	0.719
Optimum cut-off point	>0.002	>−0.02	>−0.016
Sensitivity	50.00	77.78	76.92
Specificity	95.24	86.36	95.00

[i] ^a – sample size; ^b – positive/negative sample ratio; ^c – binominal exact; ^d – according to DeLong et al. (6); ^e – according to Schisterman et al. (35); CI – confidence interval

Receiver operating characteristic curve of *M. bovis* antibody ELISA against a combined tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay (TST+IGRA)

Table 4

Detailed sensitivity and specificity for each cut-off value of M. bovis antibody ELISA against a combined tuberculin skin test and interferon -gamma release assay (TST+IGRA)

Cut-off	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Correctly classified (%)	LR+	LR−
≥0.124	100.00	0.00	39.39	1.0000
≥0.120	100.00	5.00	42.42	1.0526	0.0000
≥0.111	100.00	10.00	45.45	1.1111	0.0000
≥0.103	100.00	15.00	48.48	1.1765	0.0000
≥0.080	92.31	20.00	48.48	1.1538	0.3846
≥0.079	92.31	30.00	54.55	1.3187	0.2564
≥0.075	92.31	40.00	60.61	1.5385	0.1923
≥0.075	84.62	40.00	57.58	1.4103	0.3846
≥0.074	84.62	45.00	60.61	1.5385	0.3419
≥0.068	84.62	50.00	63.64	1.6923	0.3077
≥0.066	84.62	55.00	66.67	1.8803	0.2797
≥0.060	84.62	60.00	69.70	2.1154	0.2564
≥0.050	84.62	65.00	72.73	2.4176	0.2367
≥0.039	84.62	70.00	75.76	2.8205	0.2198
≥0.033	76.92	70.00	72.73	2.5641	0.3297
≥0.030	76.92	75.00	75.76	3.0769	0.3077
≥0.027	76.92	80.00	78.79	3.8462	0.2885
≥0.019	76.92	85.00	81.82	5.1282	0.2715
≥0.016	76.92	90.00	84.85	7.6923	0.2564
≥0.012	76.92	95.00	87.88	15.3846	0.2429
≥0.012	69.23	95.00	84.85	13.8462	0.3239
≥0.002	69.23	100.00	87.88		0.3077
≥0.099	61.54	100.00	84.85		0.3846
≥0.125	53.85	100.00	81.82		0.4615
≥0.165	46.15	100.00	78.79		0.5385
≥1.240	38.46	100.00	75.76		0.6154
≥3.890	30.77	100.00	72.73		0.6923
≥4.137	23.08	100.00	69.70		0.7692
≥4.364	15.38	100.00	66.67		0.8462
≥11.670 >11.670	7.69 0.00	100.00 100.00	63.64 60.61		0.9231 1.0000

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0038 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608 (formerly 2300-3235)

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Language: English

Page range: 333 - 344

Submitted on: Mar 14, 2022

Accepted on: Jul 12, 2022

Published on: Jul 30, 2022

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

ELISA,

tuberculin skin test,

interferon gamma release assay

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Molecular biology,

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Veterinary medicine

© 2022 Michał K. Krzysiak, Magdalena Larska, Anna Zabost, Anna Didkowska, Monika Krajewska-Wędzina, Krzysztof Anusz, Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 66 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)

Is serological monitoring a fit-for-purpose tool to assess the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the sylvatic species of European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland?

Figures & Tables

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Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 3

Table 4

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