Fig. 1
Antimicrobial resistance patterns in Y_ enterocolitica strains isolated from wildlife
| Antibiotic | 1A/O:5 (roe deer) | 1A/O:8 (roe deer) | 1A/O:5 (red deer) | 1A/O:1.2 (red deer) | 5/O:3 (Alpine ibex) | 1A/N.T. (red fox) | 1A/O:9 (red fox) | 1B/O:5 (beech marten) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ampicillin | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic acid | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | S |
| Erythromycin | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Gentamicin | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Streptomycin | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Enrofloxacin | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Ciprofloxacin | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Nalidixic acid | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Cephalothin | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S |
| Tetracycline | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Cefotaxime | S | S | S | S | S | R | S | S |
| Chloramphenicol | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Cefuroxime | R | R | R | S | S | R | S | R |
Whole-genome comparison of the bioserotyped Y_ enterocolitica strains isolated from wild animals with the multi locus sequence type (MLST), core genome (cg) MLST and whole genome (wg) MLST approaches
| Source | Bio/serotype | MLST | cgMLST | wgMLST |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roe deer | 1A/O:5 | 649 | 4721 | 5608 |
| Roe deer | 1A/O:8 | 650 | 4724 | 5610 |
| Red deer | 1A/O:5 | 19 | 4994 | 6124 |
| Red deer | 1A/O:1.2 | 362 | 4722 | 5609 |
| Alpine ibex | 5/O:3 | 13 | 4727 | 5614 |
| Red fox | 1A/NT | 12 | 4995 | 6125 |
| Red fox | 1A/O:9 | 12 | 4723 | 5606 |
| Beech marten | 1B/O:5 | 12 | 4725 | 5611 |
Identification and characterisation of wild animals which tested positive for Y_ enterocolitica and the strains isolated from their faeces in the Valle d’Aosta region
| Source | Sex | Age | locations Sampling | Subspecies | Bio/serotype | ail | inv | myfA | ystA | ystB | yadA | Yops | hem R | HPI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roe deer | female | A | Lillianes | enterocolitica 8081 | 1A/O:5 | + | + | |||||||
| Roe deer | female | A | Rhêmes Saint Georges | enterocolitica 8081 | 1A/O:8 | + | + | |||||||
| Red deer | female | A | Saint Rhémy en Bosses | enterocolitica 8081 | 1A/O:5 | + | + | |||||||
| Red deer | female | S | Saint Rhémy en Bosses | enterocolitica 8081 | 1A/O:1.2 | + | + | |||||||
| Alpine ibex | female | A | Ayas | palearctica 105.5R(r) | 5/O:3 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Red fox | male | A | Châtillon | palearctica 105.5R(r) | 1A/NT | + | + | + | + | + | ||||
| Red fox | female | A | Pré Saint Didier | palearctica 105.5R(r) | 1A/O:9 | + | + | + | + | + | ||||
| Beech marten | male | Y | Rhêmes Saint Georges | palearctica 105.5R(r) | 1B/O:5 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |