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Effect of serial in vivo passages on the adaptation of H1N1 avian influenza virus to pigs Cover

Effect of serial in vivo passages on the adaptation of H1N1 avian influenza virus to pigs

Journal of Veterinary Research
Volume 66 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)
By: Kinga Urbaniak,  Andrzej Kowalczyk,  Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól,  Krzysztof Kwit and  Iwona Markowska-Daniel  
Open Access
|Mar 2022

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

A schematic representation of the experimental timeline. (a) Scheme of virus passages; (b) Scheme of the introduction of contact piglets to experimentally inoculated animals. In each passage/contact group, two piglets were used. p – passage; HI – haemagglutination inhibition; rRT-PCR – real time reverse transcriptase PCR; inocul. – inoculation; i.n. – intranasally; r.t. – rectal temperature; n.s. – nasal swabs; N – passage number; EI – experimentally inoculated; CE – contact-exposed
A schematic representation of the experimental timeline. (a) Scheme of virus passages; (b) Scheme of the introduction of contact piglets to experimentally inoculated animals. In each passage/contact group, two piglets were used. p – passage; HI – haemagglutination inhibition; rRT-PCR – real time reverse transcriptase PCR; inocul. – inoculation; i.n. – intranasally; r.t. – rectal temperature; n.s. – nasal swabs; N – passage number; EI – experimentally inoculated; CE – contact-exposed

Fig. 2

Rectal temperature of experimentally inoculated (EI) and contact-exposed (CE) piglets in individual passages. (a) EI gilts; (b) EI barrows; (c) CE gilts; (d) CE barrows; dpi – days post inoculation; dpc – days post contact; I – first group; II – second group
Rectal temperature of experimentally inoculated (EI) and contact-exposed (CE) piglets in individual passages. (a) EI gilts; (b) EI barrows; (c) CE gilts; (d) CE barrows; dpi – days post inoculation; dpc – days post contact; I – first group; II – second group

Fig. 3

Pathological changes in the lungs of animals from selected passages. (a) experimentally inoculated (EI) gilt at passage (p) 10, lung lesion score (LLS) = 2; (b) EI gilt at p12, LLS = 3; (c) EI gilt at p24, LLS = 8; (d) EI barrow at p24, LLS = 9; (e) contact-exposed (CE) group I gilt at p24, LLS = 11; (f) CE group I barrow at p24, LLS = 6
Pathological changes in the lungs of animals from selected passages. (a) experimentally inoculated (EI) gilt at passage (p) 10, lung lesion score (LLS) = 2; (b) EI gilt at p12, LLS = 3; (c) EI gilt at p24, LLS = 8; (d) EI barrow at p24, LLS = 9; (e) contact-exposed (CE) group I gilt at p24, LLS = 11; (f) CE group I barrow at p24, LLS = 6

Fig. 4

rRT-PCR results. (a) results for all tested tissue samples from EI piglets in each passage; (b) results for all tested tissue samples from CE piglets. p – passage; CE – contact-exposed; b – barrow; g – gilt; I – first group; II – second group
rRT-PCR results. (a) results for all tested tissue samples from EI piglets in each passage; (b) results for all tested tissue samples from CE piglets. p – passage; CE – contact-exposed; b – barrow; g – gilt; I – first group; II – second group

Fig. 5

rRT-PCR results for nasal swabs from the EI and CE piglets. (a) results from animals at passage 20; (b) results from animals at passage 24. p – passage; EI – experimentally inoculated; CE – contact-exposed; b – barrow; g – gilt; I – first group; II – second group; dpi – day post inoculation; dpc – day post contact
rRT-PCR results for nasal swabs from the EI and CE piglets. (a) results from animals at passage 20; (b) results from animals at passage 24. p – passage; EI – experimentally inoculated; CE – contact-exposed; b – barrow; g – gilt; I – first group; II – second group; dpi – day post inoculation; dpc – day post contact

Fig. 6

rRT-PCR results for each tissue type from EI and CE piglets. NM – nasal mucosa; T – trachea; RCrL – right cranial lobe; RML – right middle lobe; RCaL – right caudal lobe; LCrL – left cranial lobe; LML – left middle lobe; LCaL – left caudal lobe; AL – accessory lobe; strong positive Ct < 30; weak positive Ct 30–35; negative Ct > 35
rRT-PCR results for each tissue type from EI and CE piglets. NM – nasal mucosa; T – trachea; RCrL – right cranial lobe; RML – right middle lobe; RCaL – right caudal lobe; LCrL – left cranial lobe; LML – left middle lobe; LCaL – left caudal lobe; AL – accessory lobe; strong positive Ct < 30; weak positive Ct 30–35; negative Ct > 35

Amino acid changes in the proteins of virus strains obtained from selected passages

Genea.a. positionInoculumvEIp9vEIp16vEIp20vCEp20vEIp24vCEp24
144RQQ/**§*§
PB2477RGGG§G§
554ILLL§L§
701DNNN§N§
PB1654S**G§G§
370L***/I§*§
PA465I*/T**§*§
613E**/K*/K§*/KK
159S**/R*§*§
180KEEE§E/G§
189E***§*/D§
203D/NNNN§N§
HA204EDDD§D§
239G**/EE§D§
286D**/E*§*§
411GSSS§S§
NP63IMMM§M§
132RKKK§K§
30I**L§L§
34V***/II*/I§
95GSSS§S§
NA127LMMM§M§
131ATTT§T§
135T***§*S
364NSSS§S§
M1248MIII§I§
M219CYYY§Y§
NS56M*/III§I§
226VIII§I§

Results of CE piglets’ serological tests

Testdpcp6p9p11p16p20p21 p25
gbgbgbgbgbgIbIgIIbII
HI7<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
14<<<<<<<<<<n.t.n.t.<<
21<<<<<<<<<<n.t.n.t.<<
IPMA7<<<<<<<<32128646412864
14<<<<<<<<32256n.t.n.t.12864
21<<<<<<<<32128n.t.n.t.64128
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0013 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608
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Language: English
Page range: 9 - 19
Submitted on: Jan 12, 2022
Accepted on: Mar 2, 2022
Published on: Mar 25, 2022
Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
avian influenza virus,
pig,
adaptation,
mutation,
viral fitness
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Molecular biology,
Microbiology and virology,
Life sciences, other,
Medicine,
Veterinary medicine

© 2022 Kinga Urbaniak, Andrzej Kowalczyk, Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól, Krzysztof Kwit, Iwona Markowska-Daniel, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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