Fig. 1
Summary of testicular biometry for the three male proboscis monkeys
| End point | Left | Right | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | |
| Length (cm) | 2.04 (±0.16) | 1.86–2.22 | 2.24 (±0.24) | 1.94–2.64 | - | - |
| Width (cm) | 1.58 (±0.21) | 1.49–1.96 | 1.55 (±0.21) | 1.18–1.84 | - | - |
| Volume (cm3) | 2.77 (±0.84) | 1.40–4.47 | 2.91 (±0.90) | 1.47–4.19 | 5.77 (±1.58) | 3.61–8.33 |
Semen characteristics of the three proboscis monkeys ID1, ID2 and ID3
| Characteristic | ID1 (n = 9) | ID2 (n = 5) | ID3 (n = 7) | Mean (±SD) | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume (μL) | 159.44 (±162.59)* | 56.00 (±40.30) | 52.43 (±32.92) | 99.14 (± 121.68) | 5.00–540.00 |
| pH | 8.25 (±0.25) | 8.50 (±0.5) | 8.75 (±0.25) | 8.50 (±0.43) | 8.00–9.00 |
| Concentration (×106 sperm/mL) | 9.35 (±7.65) | 0.04 | 83.00 | 25.44 (±33.89) | 0.04–83.00 |
| Sperm motility (%) | 56.67 (±26.67) | 42.00 (±9.80) | 26.67 (±26.09) | 44.00 (±26.67) | 5.00–90.00 |
| Sperm progression (%) | 42.22 (±29.36)* | 8.00 (±2.45) | 4.17 (±4.49) | 22.25 (±26.90) | 0.00–80.00 |
| Sperm viability (%) | 65.74 (±0.94) | 51.90 | 69.10 | 63.12 (±6.65) | 51.90–69.10 |
| Normal sperm (%) | 13.50 (±3.10) | 18.30 | 23.20 | 17.13 (±5.29) | 10.40–23.20 |
| Abnormal sperm (%) | 86.50 (±3.10) | 81.70 | 76.80 | 82.88 (±5.29) | 76.80–89.60 |
| Total head abnormality (%) | 0.85 (±0.05) | 6.40 | 2.90 | 2.75 (±2.62) | 0.80–6.40 |
| Macrocephaly (%) | 0.45 (±0.45) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 (±0.45) | 0.00–0.90 |
| Microcephaly (%) | 0.20 (±0.20) | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.83 (±1.40) | 0.00–2.90 |
| Bicephaly (%) | 0.20 (±0.20) | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.23 (±0.26) | 0.00–0.50 |
| Detached head (%) | 0.00 (±0.00) | 5.90 | 0.00 | 1.48 (±2.95) | 0.00–5.90 |
| Bent midpiece (%) | 38.95 (±7.45) | 37.60 | 26.10 | 35.40 (±8.71) | 26.10–46.40 |
| Total tail abnormality (%) | 46.7 (±6.08) | 37.70 | 47.70 | 44.70 (±5.86) | 37.70–51.00 |
| Bent (%) | 36.65 (±1.65) | 23.80 | 44.80 | 35.48 (±8.78) | 23.80–44.80 |
| Tightly coiled (%) | 7.05 (±0.92) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 (±4.11) | 0.00–7.70 |
| Coiled (%) | 3.00 (±2.83) | 13.90 | 1.20 | 5.28 (±6.04) | 1.00–13.90 |
| Double-tailed (%) | 0.00 (±0.00) | 0.00 | 1.70 | 0.43 (±0.85) | 0.00–1.70 |
Semen morphometry of proboscis monkeys
| Spermatozoon part | Parameter | Mean (±SD) | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length (μm) | 5.53 (±0.41) | 4.68–6.35 | |
| Width (μm) | 4.50 (±0.38) | 3.86–5.46 | |
| Perimeter (μm) | 15.31 (±0.81) | 13.63–16.91 | |
| Area (μm) | 17.95 (±2.05) | 12.97–23.26 | |
| Head | Elongation index | 0.05 (±0.03) | 0.02–0.11 |
| Ellipticity index | 1.12 (±0.07) | 1.01–1.25 | |
| Roughness index | 0.96 (±0.03) | 0.88–0.98 | |
| Regularity index | 1.01 (±0.07) | 0.89–1.13 | |
| Midpiece | Length (μm) | 11.62 (±2.31) | 8.50–16.58 |
| Tail | Length (μm) | 44.27 (±3.60) | 38.03–49.20 |
| Total length (μm) | 61.42 (±2.22) | 57.92–66.80 | |
Dates of anaesthesia and semen collection, status, and number of ejaculates
| Collection | Proboscis monkey ID1 | Proboscis monkey ID2 | Proboscis monkey ID3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | July 19, 2018 n = 5 | November 18, 2017 Discarded | September 29, 2018 n = 7 |
| 2nd | August 26, 2018 n = 4 | May 23, 2018 Discarded | |
| 3rd | June 20, 2019 Discarded | ||
| 4th | November 13, 2019 n = 3 | ||
| 5th | December 3, 2019 n = 2 |
Variables and formulae used to calculate the sperm morphometric indices of proboscis monkeys
| Parameter | Variable/Formula |
|---|---|
| Head length (μm) | L |
| Head width (μm) | W |
| Head perimeter (μm) | P |
| Head area (μm2) | A |
| Head ellipticity | L/W |
| Head elongation | (L−W)/(L+W) |
| Head roughness | 4π(A/P2) |