A preliminary study on semen collection, its evaluation, and testicular and sperm morphometries in the wild proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)

Zainal Zahari Zainuddin; Mohamed Reza Mohamed Tarmizi; Yap Keng Chee; Alvin Erut; Wan Nor Fitri; Annas Salleh

doi:10.2478/jvetres-2021-0048

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A preliminary study on semen collection, its evaluation, and testicular and sperm morphometries in the wild proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)

Journal of Veterinary Research

Volume 65 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)

By: Zainal Zahari Zainuddin, Mohamed Reza Mohamed Tarmizi, Yap Keng Chee, Alvin Erut, Wan Nor Fitri and Annas Salleh

Open Access

|Sep 2021

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Variables and formulae used to calculate the sperm morphometric indices of proboscis monkeys

Parameter	Variable/Formula
Head length (μm)	L
Head width (μm)	W
Head perimeter (μm)	P
Head area (μm²)	A
Head ellipticity	L/W
Head elongation	(L−W)/(L+W)
Head roughness	4π(A/P²)

Table 2

Summary of testicular biometry for the three male proboscis monkeys

End point	Left		Right		Total
End point	Mean	Range	Mean	Range	Mean	Range
Length (cm)	2.04 (±0.16)	1.86–2.22	2.24 (±0.24)	1.94–2.64	-	-
Width (cm)	1.58 (±0.21)	1.49–1.96	1.55 (±0.21)	1.18–1.84	-	-
Volume (cm³)	2.77 (±0.84)	1.40–4.47	2.91 (±0.90)	1.47–4.19	5.77 (±1.58)	3.61–8.33

Table 3

Dates of anaesthesia and semen collection, status, and number of ejaculates

Collection	Proboscis monkey ID1	Proboscis monkey ID2	Proboscis monkey ID3
1^st	July 19, 2018 n = 5	November 18, 2017 Discarded	September 29, 2018 n = 7
2^nd	August 26, 2018 n = 4	May 23, 2018 Discarded
3^rd		June 20, 2019 Discarded
4^th		November 13, 2019 n = 3
5^th		December 3, 2019 n = 2

[i] n – number of ejaculates per animal

Morphology of normal and abnormal sperm of proboscis monkeys.
a – normal sperm; b – microcephalic; c – bicephalic; d – bent midpiece; e – bent tail; f – coiled tail; g – tightly coiled tail; h – tail duplication

Table 4

Semen characteristics of the three proboscis monkeys ID1, ID2 and ID3

Characteristic	ID1 (n = 9)	ID2 (n = 5)	ID3 (n = 7)	Mean (±SD)	Range
Volume (μL)	159.44 (±162.59)*	56.00 (±40.30)	52.43 (±32.92)	99.14 (± 121.68)	5.00–540.00
pH	8.25 (±0.25)	8.50 (±0.5)	8.75 (±0.25)	8.50 (±0.43)	8.00–9.00
Concentration (×10⁶ sperm/mL)	9.35 (±7.65)	0.04	83.00	25.44 (±33.89)	0.04–83.00
Sperm motility (%)	56.67 (±26.67)	42.00 (±9.80)	26.67 (±26.09)	44.00 (±26.67)	5.00–90.00
Sperm progression (%)	42.22 (±29.36)*	8.00 (±2.45)	4.17 (±4.49)	22.25 (±26.90)	0.00–80.00
Sperm viability (%)	65.74 (±0.94)	51.90	69.10	63.12 (±6.65)	51.90–69.10
Normal sperm (%)	13.50 (±3.10)	18.30	23.20	17.13 (±5.29)	10.40–23.20
Abnormal sperm (%)	86.50 (±3.10)	81.70	76.80	82.88 (±5.29)	76.80–89.60
Total head abnormality (%)	0.85 (±0.05)	6.40	2.90	2.75 (±2.62)	0.80–6.40
Macrocephaly (%)	0.45 (±0.45)	0.00	0.00	0.23 (±0.45)	0.00–0.90
Microcephaly (%)	0.20 (±0.20)	0.00	2.90	0.83 (±1.40)	0.00–2.90
Bicephaly (%)	0.20 (±0.20)	0.50	0.00	0.23 (±0.26)	0.00–0.50
Detached head (%)	0.00 (±0.00)	5.90	0.00	1.48 (±2.95)	0.00–5.90
Bent midpiece (%)	38.95 (±7.45)	37.60	26.10	35.40 (±8.71)	26.10–46.40
Total tail abnormality (%)	46.7 (±6.08)	37.70	47.70	44.70 (±5.86)	37.70–51.00
Bent (%)	36.65 (±1.65)	23.80	44.80	35.48 (±8.78)	23.80–44.80
Tightly coiled (%)	7.05 (±0.92)	0.00	0.00	3.50 (±4.11)	0.00–7.70
Coiled (%)	3.00 (±2.83)	13.90	1.20	5.28 (±6.04)	1.00–13.90
Double-tailed (%)	0.00 (±0.00)	0.00	1.70	0.43 (±0.85)	0.00–1.70

[i] Results are presented as means unless otherwise indicated. Statistical analysis was performed for the volume, pH, concentration, sperm motility, and sperm progression only. * – statistically significant difference between animals; n – number of ejaculates per animal

Table 5

Semen morphometry of proboscis monkeys

Spermatozoon part	Parameter	Mean (±SD)	Range
	Length (μm)	5.53 (±0.41)	4.68–6.35
	Width (μm)	4.50 (±0.38)	3.86–5.46
	Perimeter (μm)	15.31 (±0.81)	13.63–16.91
	Area (μm)	17.95 (±2.05)	12.97–23.26
Head	Elongation index	0.05 (±0.03)	0.02–0.11
	Ellipticity index	1.12 (±0.07)	1.01–1.25
	Roughness index	0.96 (±0.03)	0.88–0.98
	Regularity index	1.01 (±0.07)	0.89–1.13
Midpiece	Length (μm)	11.62 (±2.31)	8.50–16.58
Tail	Length (μm)	44.27 (±3.60)	38.03–49.20
Total length (μm)		61.42 (±2.22)	57.92–66.80

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0048 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608 (formerly 2300-3235)

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Language: English

Page range: 375 - 381

Submitted on: Mar 24, 2021

Accepted on: Aug 25, 2021

Published on: Sep 23, 2021

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

testicular morphometry

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Molecular biology,

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Veterinary medicine

© 2021 Zainal Zahari Zainuddin, Mohamed Reza Mohamed Tarmizi, Yap Keng Chee, Alvin Erut, Wan Nor Fitri, Annas Salleh, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 65 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)

A preliminary study on semen collection, its evaluation, and testicular and sperm morphometries in the wild proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 1

Table 4

Table 5

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