Table 1
Primers used for PCR detection of antimicrobial resistance genes
| Resistance to | Resistance gene | Primer sequence (5’→3’) | Amplicon (bp) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycoside | aac(6')/aph(2″) | CCAAGAGCAATAAGGGCATA CACTATCATAACCACTACCG | 220 | this study |
| aph(3')-Ⅲ | GCCGATGTGGATTGCGAAAA GCTTGATCCCCAGTAAGTCA | 292 | this study | |
| ant(6)-I | ACTGGCTTAATCAATTTGGG GCCTTTCCGCCACCTCACCG | 597 | (21) | |
| ant(4')-Ia | CTTGGACGCTGAGATATATGAGCACC GGAAAGTTGACCAGACATTACGAACT | 294 | (10) | |
| Tetracycline | tetM | GAGGTCCGTCTGAACTTTGCG AGAAAGGATTTGGCGGCACT | 900 | (21) |
| tetA | GGCACCGAATGCGTATGAT AAGCGAGCGGGTTGAGAG | 480 | (21) | |
| tetC | CTGGGCTGCTTCCTAATGC AGCTGTCCCTGATGGTCGT | 580 | (21) | |
| tetL | TGGTCCTATCTTCTACTCATTC TTCCGATTTCGGCAGTAC | 385 | (14) | |
| Vancomycin | vanA | GGGAAAACGACAATTGC GTACAATGCGGCCGTTA | 732 | (14) |
| vanB | CAAAGCTCCGCAGCTTGCATG TGCATCCAAGCACCCGATATAC | 484 | (14) | |
| β-lactams | blaZ | ACTTCAACACCTGCTGCTTTC TAGGTTCAGATTGGCCCTTAG | 240 | (34) |
| blaTEM | CCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGG ATGAGTATTCAACATTTCCG | 858 | (23) | |
| Erythromycin | ermA | TCTAAAAAGCATGTAAAAGAAA CGATACTTTTTGTAGTCCTTC | 553 | this study |
| ermB | CCGTTTACGAAATTGGAACAGGTAAAGGGC GAATCGAGACTTGAGTGTGC | 359 | this study | |
| ermC | GCTAATATTGTTTAAATCGTCAATTCC GGATCAGGAAAAGGACATTTTAC | 460 | this study | |
| Linezolid | cfr | TGAAGTATAAAGCAGGTTGGGAGTCA ACCATATAATTGACCACAAGCAGC | 746 | (32) |
| optrA | AGGTGGTCAGCGAACTAA ATCAACTGTTCCCATTCA | 1395 | (5) |
Table 2
Primers for different virulence genes
| Virulence factor | Genes | Primer sequence (5ʹ→3ʹ) | PCR product size (bp) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggregation substance | asa1 | GCACGCTATTACGAACTATGA TAAGAAAGAACATCACCACGA | 375 | (4) |
| Gelatinase | gelE | TATGACAATGCTTTTTGGGAT AGATGCACCCGAAATAATATA | 213 | (4) |
| Cytolysin | cylA | ACTCGGGGATTGATAGGC GCTGCTAAAGCTGCGCTT | 688 | (4) |
| Enterococcal surface protein | esp | AGATTTCATCTTTGATTCTTGG AATTGATTCTTTAGCATCTGG | 510 | (4 |
| Hyaluronidase | hyl | ACAGAAGAGCTGCAGGAAATG GACTGACGTCCAAGTTTCCAA | 276 | (4) |
| Accessory colonization factor | ace | GAATTGAGCAAAAGTTCAATCG GTCTGTCTTTTCACTTGTTTC | 1108 | (21) |
| Endocarditis antigen | efaA | GCCAATTGGGACAGACCCTC CGCCTTCTGTTCCTTCTTTGGC | 688 | (21) |
Fig. 1
Resistance rates of 54 E. faecalis and 54 E. faecium strains to 10 antibiotics
P – penicillin; GM120 – gentamicin (120μg); E – erythromycin; VA – vancomycin; LZD – linezolid; CIP – ciprofloxacin;S300 – streptomycin (300μg); AM – ampicillin; TE – tetracycline; LEV – levofloxacin
Fig. 3
Presence of E. faecalis and E. faecium resistance genes
tetL, tetC, tetM, and tetA – tetracycline resistance genes; ermA, ermB, and ermC – erythromycin resistance genes; blaZ and blaTEM – β-lactam resistance genes; vanA and vanB – vancomycin resistance genes; ant6-Ⅰ, ant3'-Ⅲ, aac6'-aph2'', and ant(4')-Ia – aminoglycoside resistance genes; cfr and optrA – linezolid resistance genes
Fig. 3
Presence of E. faecalis and E. faecium virulence-associated determinants
ace – collagen‐binding protein; asa1 – aggregation substance; cylA – cytolysin; efa-A – endocarditis antigen;
esp – enterococcal surface protein; gelE – gelatinase; hyl – hyaluronidase