Seroprevalence and distribution of leptospiral serovars in livestock (cattle, goats, and sheep) in flood-prone Kelantan, Malaysia

Mohammad Sabri Abdul Rahman; Siti Khairani Bejo; Zunita Zakaria; Latiffah Hassan; Mohd Azri Roslan

doi:10.2478/jvetres-2021-0003

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Seroprevalence and distribution of leptospiral serovars in livestock (cattle, goats, and sheep) in flood-prone Kelantan, Malaysia

Journal of Veterinary Research

Volume 65 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)

By: Mohammad Sabri Abdul Rahman, Siti Khairani Bejo, Zunita Zakaria, Latiffah Hassan and Mohd Azri Roslan

Open Access

|Dec 2020

Abstract

Introduction

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals, the occurrence of which increases markedly during and after heavy rainfall and flooding. The aim of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in livestock after a voluminous flood in 10 districts of the Malaysian state of Kelantan.

Material and Methods

In December 2014, Kelantan was hit by an extensive flood. A total of 1,728 serum samples were collected from livestock from the state, comprised of 1,024 from cattle, 366 from goats and 338 from sheep, and they were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).

Results

Altogether, 203 (11.75%; 203/1728; 95% CI: 10.20%–13.30%) of the tested sera were found to be positive serologically. Cattle had the highest prevalence of 14.16% (145/1024), while goats and sheep had 11.20% (41/366) and 5.03% (17/338) respectively. The most frequent serovars detected were Hardjo-bovis (3.70%; 64/1728), Hebdomadis (2.08%; 36/1728) and Pomona (1.04%; 18/1728). There was a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between livestock that were exposed to the flood and seropositivity.

Conclusion

This study showed that flood is a risk factor that can play a role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in livestock.

References

Adler B., de la Pena-Moctezuma A.: Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 2010, 140, 287–296.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Amilasan A.T., Ujiie M., Suzuki M.: Outbreak of Leptospirosis after flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012, 18, 91–94.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bahaman A.R., Ibrahim A.: A review of leptospirosis in Malaysia. Vet Res Commun 1988, 12, 179–189.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bahaman A.R., Ibrahim A., Adam H.: Serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in domestic animals in West Malaysia. Epidemiol & Infect 1987, 99, 379–392.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Benacer D., Mohd-Zain S.N., Sim S.Z., Mohd-Khalid M.K., Galloway R.L., Souris M., Thong K.L.: Determination of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae as the persistent Leptospira serovars circulating in the urban rat populations in Peninsular Malaysia. Parasite Vector 2016, 9, 1–11.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Benacer D., Thong K.L., Min N.C., Verasahib K., Galloway R.L., Hartskeerl R.A., Souris M., Mohd-Zain S.N.: Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012. Acta Trop 2016, 157, 162–168.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Campos A.P., Miranda D., Rodrigues H., Carneiro-Lustosa M., Martins G., Mineiro A., Castro V., Azevedo S. S., Silva S.: Seroprevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats at consorted rearing from the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Pro 2017, 49, 899–907.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chadsuthi S., Bicout D.J., Wiratsudakul A., Suwancharoen D., Petkanchanapong W., Modchang C., Triampo W., Ratanakorn P., Chalvet-Monfray K.: Investigation on predominant Leptospira serovars and its distribution in humans and livestock in Thailand, 2010–2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017, 11, e0005228.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
El-Jalii I.M.: Comparison between ELISA and the Microscopic Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Bovine Leptospirosis. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 2008, 61, 73–75.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ellis W.A.: Animal Leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015, 387, 99–137.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fajriyah S.N., Udiyono A., Saraswati L.D.: Environmental and Risk Factors of Leptospirosis: A Spatial Analysis in Semarang City. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2017, 55, 1–10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hajikolaei M.R., Gorbanpour., Darioush G., Gholamreza A.: Serologic study on leptospiral infection in sheep in Ahvaz, Southern Iran. Iran J Vet Res 2007, 8, 333–336.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hartskeerl R.A.: International course on laboratory methods for the diagnosis of leptospirosis; 19–23 April, 2004, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FEMS Immunol Med Mic 2004, 40, page ii.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kawaguchi L., Sengkeopraseuth B., Tsuyuoka R., Koizumi N., Akashi H., Vongphrachanh P., Watanabe H., Aoyama A.: Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and risk factor analysis in flood-prone rural areas in Lao PDR. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 78, 957–961.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khairani-Bejo S., Bahaman A.R., Saad M.Z., Mutalib A.R.: The survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in the Malaysian environment. J Anim Vet Adv 2004, 3, 123–129.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laras K., Bao C., Khanthong B., Thi N., James O., Sisouk T., Nguyen T., Kim H., Narain P., Ba H., Sam U., Sithat I., Douglas W., Beecham H., Andrew C.: The importance of Leptospirosis in Southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002, 67, 278–286.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levett P.N.: Leptospirosis: A forgotten zoonosis? Clin Immunol Rev 2004, 4, 435–448.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lim V.K.: Leptospirosis: a re-emerging infection. Malays J Pathol 2011, 33, 1–5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Malaysian Meteorological Department. "Weather phenomena". Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2020. https://www.met.gov.my/?lang=en
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mwachui M.A., Crump L., Hartskeerl R., Zinsstag J., Hattendorf J.: Environmental and Behavioural Determinants of Leptospirosis Transmission: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015, 9, 1–15.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oliveira M.A., Leal E.A., Correia M.A., Serufo-Filho J.C., Dias R.S., Serufo J.C.: Human Leptospirosis: occurrence of serovars of Leptospira spp. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2008 to 2012. Braz J Microbiol 2017, 48, 483–488.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Russ A.K., El-Jalii I., Bahaman A.R., Tuen A.A., Ismail G.: Seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis among the indigenous communities living in the periphery of Crocker Range Park Sabah, Malaysia. ASEAN Review of Biodiversity and Environment Conservation (ARBEC) 2003, January–March, 1–5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Samir A., Soliman R., El-Hariri M., Abdel-Moein K., Hatem M.E.: Leptospirosis in animals and human contacts in Egypt: broad range surveillance. Rev Soc Bras Med Tro 2015, 48, 272–277.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Samsi N.S., Zainol A., Darus A., Zainun Z., Wang C.S., Zainal Z., Hashim A.: Serodiagnosis of Leptospirosis in Domestic Animals and Humans. Malays J Vet Res 2013, 4, 21–26.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Slack A.T., Khairani-Bejo S., Symonds M.L., Dohnt M.F., Galloway R.L., Steigerwalt A.G., Bahaman A.R., Craig S., Harrower B.J., Smythe L.D.: Leptospira kmetyi sp. nov., isolated from an environmental source in Malaysia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009, 59, 705–708.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smith J.K., Young M.M., Wilson K.L., Craig S.B.: Leptospirosis following a major flood in Central Queensland, Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2012, 141, 585–590.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Suwanpakdee S., Kaewkungwal J., White L.J., Asensio N., Ratanakorn P., Singhasivanon P., Day N.P., Pan-Ngum W.: Spatio-temporal patterns of leptospirosis in Thailand: is flooding a risk factor? Epidemiol Infect 2015, 143, 2106–2115.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wan-Yussof W.N.: Flood in Kelantan in 2014: An Introspection. Report from Centre for Strategic Studies, the State of Kelantan, Malaysia 2015.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ward M.P.: Seasonality of canine leptospirosis in the United States and Canada and its association with rainfall. Prev Vet Med 2002, 56, 203–213.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wynwood S.J., Graham G.C., Weier S.L., Collet T.A., McKay D.B., Craig S.B.: Leptospirosis from water sources. Pathog Glob Health 2014, 108, 1–5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 53 - 58

Submitted on: Jul 2, 2020

Accepted on: Dec 16, 2020

Published on: Dec 29, 2020

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

animals,

flooding,

leptospirosis,

microscopic agglutination test,

serovars

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Molecular biology,

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Veterinary medicine

© 2020 Mohammad Sabri Abdul Rahman, Siti Khairani Bejo, Zunita Zakaria, Latiffah Hassan, Mohd Azri Roslan, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 65 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)