Potential determinants of Clostridium spp. occurrence in Polish silage Cover

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Potential determinants of Clostridium spp. occurrence in Polish silage

Journal of Veterinary Research

Volume 64 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)

By: Magdalena Goldsztejn, Tomasz Grenda, Nina Kozieł, Magdalena Sapała, Małgorzata Mazur, Zbigniew Sieradzki, Beata Król and Krzysztof Kwiatek

Open Access

|Nov 2020

Figures & Tables

Silage enriched with starter culture

			Silage (enriched/total by material)
Province
	Corn	Grass	Alfalfa	Beet pulp	Rye	Crushed grain	Shamrock	Enriched/total in provinces (%)
Greater Poland	7/11	3/4	0/1	-	0/1	-	-	10/17 (59)
Holy Cross	11/14	4/4	2/3	-	-	-	-	17/21 (81)
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	8/12	2/3	1/2	0/2	-	0/1	-	11/20 (55)
Lesser Poland	5/5	4/4	-	-	-	-	-	9/9 (100)
Lower Silesian	6/10	2/5	0/1	-	0/1	-	0/2	8/19 (42)
Lublin	17/19	0/1	-	-	-	-	-	17/20 (85)
Lubuskie	9/12	6/8	-	-	-	-	1/1	16/21 (76)
Łódź	12/16	1/3	-	-	-	-	-	13/19 (68)
Masovian	15/18	2/4	-	-	-	-	-	17/22 (77)
Opole	12/14	0/4	1/2	-	-	-	-	13/20 (65)
Podlaskie	14/16	4/4	-	-	-	-	-	18/20 (90)
Pomeranian	11/15	3/6	-	-	-	-	-	14/21 (67)
Silesian	11/17	2/2	-	-	-	-	-	13/19 (68)
Subcarpathian	6/10	3/7	1/2	-	-	-	1/1	11/20 (55)
Warmian-Masurian	12/13	2/6	1/1	-	-	-	-	15/20 (75)
West Pomerania	2/5	2/10	0/1	-	-	1/1	-	5/17 (29)

Enriched/total (%)	158/207 (76)	40/75 (53)	6/13 (46)	0/2 (0)	0/2 (0)	1/2 (50)	2/4 (50)	207/305 (68)

Statistical significance and tendency of factors determining Clostridium spp_ occurrence

Relationship	Tendency (P value)	Significance (P value)
Clostridium spp. (level 10³ and 10⁴ cfu/g) vs pH > 4.5	-	0.007

Clostridium spp. vs organic fertilisation	-	0.0024

Clostridium spp. (level 10³ cfu/g) vs herd size (12–800 cows)	0.019	-

Storage periods of collected silage

Number of silage samples	Storage period (months)
109 (36%)	1–4
100 (33%)	5–8
81 (27%)	9–12
15 (5%)	13–24

Examined silage samples

				Silage
Province
	Corn	Grass	Alfalfa	Beet pulp	Rye	Crushed grain	Shamrock	Total provinces in
Greater Poland	11	4	1	-	1	-	-	17
Holy Cross	14	4	3	-	-	-	-	21
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	12	3	2	2	-	1	-	20
Lesser Poland	5	4	-	-	-	-	-	9
Lower Silesian	10	5	1	-	1	-	2	19
Lublin	19	1	-	-	-	-	-	20
Lubuskie	12	8	-	-	-	-	1	21
Łódź	16	3	-	-	-	-	-	19
Masovian	18	4	-	-	-	-	-	22
Opole	14	4	2	-	-	-	-	20
Podlasie	16	4	-	-	-	-	-	20
Pomeranian	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	21
Silesian	17	2	-	-	-	-	-	19
Subcarpathian	10	7	2	-	-	-	1	20
Warmian-Masurian	13	6	1	-	-	-	-	20
West Pomeranian	5	10	1	-	-	1	-	17

Total	207	75	13	2	2	2	4	305

Silage samples collected from farms by herd size

	Herd size

Province	< 50	< 100	< 250	< 500	< 1,000	< 2,000	< 2,500
Greater Poland	3	4	2	6	-	1	1

Holy Cross	10	6	4	1	-	-	-

Kuyavian-Pomeranian	3	8	2	3	4	-	-

Lesser Poland	6	-	3	-	-	-	-

Lower Silesian	3	2	3	5	2	4	-

Lublin	8	4	7		1	-	-

Lubuskie	4	3	9	3	-	1	1

Łódź	11	6	1	-	1	-	-

Masovian	11	6	4	1	-	-	-

Opole	4		4	5	4	2	1

Podlaskie	5	12	3	-	-	-	-

Pomeranian	6	2	4	7	2	-	-

Silesian	8	8	1	1	1	-	-

Subcarpathian	7	7	4	1	1	-	-

Warmian-Masurian	5	8	4	3	-	-	-

West Pomeranian	1	4	3	6	3	-	-

Total	95	80	58	42	19	8	3

Samples of silage made of material harvested from areas fertilised organically (manure and slurry)

Province	Silage (organically fertilised/total by material)
	Corn	Grass	Alfalfa	Beet pulp	Rye	Crushed grain	Shamrock	Organically fertilised/total in provinces (%)
Greater Poland	5/11	1/4	1/1	-	0/1	-	-	7/17 (41)
Holy Cross	5/14	2/4	2/3	-	-	-	-	9/21 (43)
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	5/12	2/3	1/2	0/2	-	0/1	-	8/20 (40)
Lesser Poland	1/5	0/4	-	-	-	-	-	1/9 (11)
Lower Silesian	7/10	3/5	0/1	-	0/1	-	0/2	10/19 (53)
Lublin	10/19	0/1	-	-	-	-	-	10/20 (50)
Lubuskie	5/12	2/8	-	-	-	-	0/1	7/21 (33)
Łódź	3/16	1/3	-	-	-	-	-	4/19 (21)
Masovian	5/18	0/4	-	-	-	-	-	5/22 (23)
Opole	9/14	1/4	2/2					12/20 (60)
Podlaskie	3/16	0/4	-	-	-	-	-	3/20 (15)
Pomeranian	7/15	3/6	-	-	-	-	-	10/21 (48)
Silesian	7/17	0/2	-	-	-	-	-	7/19 (37)
Subcarpathian	7/10	2/7	1/2	-	-	-	0/1	10/20 (50)
Warmian-Masurian	0/13	0/6	1/1	-	-	-	-	1/20 (5)
West Pomeranian	4/5	5/10	1/1	-	-	1/1	-	11/17 (65)

Organically fertilised/total (%)	83/207 (40)	22/75 (29)	9/13 (69)	0/2	0/2	1/2(50)	0/4	115/305 (38%)

Contamination level by Clostridium spp_

	Level
Number of silage samples
	10¹ cfu/g	10² cfu/g	10³ cfu/g	10⁴ cfu/g	Total (%)
Corn	71	56	23	7	157/207 (76)
Grass	22	18	11	9	60/75 (80)
Alfalfa	-	2	2	3	7/13 (54)
Beet pulp	-	1	-	-	1/2 (50)
Rye	-	1	-	-	1/2 (50)
Crushed grain	1	1	-	-	2/2 (100)
Shamrock	1	3	-	-	4/4 (100)

Total (%)	95/305 (31)	82/305 (27)	36/305 (12)	19/305 (6)	232/305 (76)

pH values of examined silages samples

	pH

Silage	3.50–3.99	4.00–4.49	4.50–4.99	5.00–5.99	6.0–7.99
Corn	74	98	7	8	1
Grass	3	13	19	30	8
Alfalfa		3	3	4	2
Beet pulp	1	1		-	-
Rye	-	1	1	-	-
Crushed grain	-	1	-	-	1
Shamrock	-	-	-	3	-

Total (%)	78/282 (28)	117/282 (41)	30/282 (11)	45/282 (16)	12/282 (4)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0075 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608

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Language: English

Page range: 549 - 555

Submitted on: May 20, 2020

Accepted on: Oct 20, 2020

Published on: Nov 6, 2020

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Molecular biology,

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Veterinary medicine

© 2020 Magdalena Goldsztejn, Tomasz Grenda, Nina Kozieł, Magdalena Sapała, Małgorzata Mazur, Zbigniew Sieradzki, Beata Król, Krzysztof Kwiatek, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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