Frequency of Staphylococcus spp_ isolates resistant to the studied antibiotics by animal species
| Mammal species | N | PEN penicillin; | FOX cefoxitin; | FA fusidic acid; | MUP mupirocin; | ERY erythromycin; | CLI clindamycin; | LIN lincomycin; | CIP ciprofloxacin; | GEN gentamycin; | TOB tobramycin; | STR streptomycin; | TE tetracycline; | CL chloramphenicol; | SXT sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; | TEI teicoplanin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American mink | 8 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Badger | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Beech marten | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Granada hare | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Common genet | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Common otter | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||
| Hedgehog | 15 | 7 | 3 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Mouflon | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Free-tailed bat | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Red deer | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
| Red fox | 7 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |||||||||
| Roe deer | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Iberian ibex | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Weasel | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Wild boar | 22 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Wild rabbit | 27 | 14 | 7 | 20 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Total | 111 | 47 | 23 | 71 | 22 | 15 | 7 | 36 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| % | 100 | 42.3 | 20.7 | 64 | 19.8 | 13.5 | 6.3 | 32.4 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.9 |
Staphylococcus spp_ obtained in this study from the total samples of the wild mammals studied
| Staph. spp. Staphylococcus spp. | A American mink; | B Badger; | Bm Beech marten; | Cg Common genet; | Co Common otter; | G Granada hare; | H Hedgehog; | I Iberian ibex; | M Mouflon; | Ft European free-tailed bat; | R Roe deer; | Rd Red deer; | Rf Red fox; | W Weasel; | Wb Wild boar; | Wi Wild rabbit; | Total n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. aureus | 1 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 23 (20.7) | |||||||||||
| S. chromogenes | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 (6.3) | |||||||||||||
| S. delphini | 2 | 2 (1.8) | |||||||||||||||
| S. epidermidis | 1 | 1 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| S. equorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 17 (15.3) | ||||||||||
| S. felis | 1 | 1 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| S. fleurettii | 2 | 2 (1.8) | |||||||||||||||
| S. hyicus | 1 | 1 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| S. nepalensis | 1 | 1 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| S. pseudintermedius | 1 | 1 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| S. saprophyticus | 1 | 1 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| S. sciuri | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 34 (30.6) | |||||
| S. simulans | 2 | 2 (1.8) | |||||||||||||||
| S. vitulinus | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 (6.3) | ||||||||||||
| S. xylosus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 11 (9.9) | ||||||||||||
| Total staphylococci by mammal (n) | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 22 | 27 | 111 |
Species of wild mammals included in the study
| Order | Species | Scientific name | Origin | Scavenger | N | Isolates | % by sample – two samples per animal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artiodactyla (n = 32) | Iberian ibex | Capra pyrenaica | CWFR-LA – Centre of Wild Fauna Recovery of La Alfranca (Spain); | 1 | 1 | 50.0 | |
| Mouflon | Ovis orientalis | Hunting | 4 | 6 | 75.0 | ||
| Red deer | Cervus elaphus | Hunting | 9 | 6 | 33.3 | ||
| Roe deer | Capreolus | Hunting | 1 | 3 | 150 | ||
| Wild boar | Sus scrofa | Hunting | 17 | 22 | 64.7 | ||
| Total | 32 | 38 | 59.4 | ||||
| Carnivora (n = 19) | American mink | Neovison vison | CWFR-LA | X | 6 | 8 | 66.6 |
| Badger | Meles meles | CWFR-LA | X | 3 | 5 | 83.3 | |
| Beech marten | Martes foina | CWFR-LA | X | 2 | 2 | 50.0 | |
| Common genet | Genetta genetta | CWFR-LA | X | 1 | 1 | 50.0 | |
| Common otter | Lutra lutra | CWFR-LA | X | 3 | 5 | 83.3 | |
| Red fox | Vulpes vulpes | CWFR-LA | X | 3 | 8 | 133.0 | |
| Weasel | Mustela nivalis | CWFR-LA | X | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 19 | 28 | 73.7 | ||||
| Chiroptera (n = 1) | European free-tailed bat | Tadarida teniotis | CWFR-LA | 1 | 1 | 50.0 | |
| Erinaceomorpha (n =11) | Hedgehog | Erinaceus europaeus | CWFR-LA | 11 | 15 | 68.2 | |
| Lagomorpha (n = 40) | Wild rabbit | Oryctolagus cuniculus | Hunting | 38 | 27 | 35.5 | |
| Granada hare | Lepus granatensis | Hunting | 2 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Total | 40 | 28 | 35.0 | ||||
| 16 species | Total mammals | 103 | 111 | 53.9 | |||
Results of the statistical analysis of Staphylococcus spp_ resistance to ERY, FA, and PEN related to the coagulase classification, the wild mammals’ origins, and their orders
| Antibiotics | Coagulase (N) | Resistant isolates, n (%) | Coagulase (N) | Resistant isolates, n (%) | Odds Ratio | Lower limit | Upper limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fusidic acid | CoN coagulase-negative; | 62 (72.9) P ≤ 0.05; | CoP coagulase-positive; | 9 (34.6) | 5.0918 | 1.9909 | 13.0225 |
| Penicillin | CoN coagulase-negative; | 43 (50.6) P ≤ 0.05; | CoP coagulase-positive; | 5 (19.2) | 4.3000 | 14.838 | 12.4609 |
| Erythromyc in | CoN coagulase-negative; | 8 (9.4) P ≤ 0.05; | CoP coagulase-positive; | 7 (26.9) | 3.5461 | 1.11434 | 11.0011 |
| Origin (N) | Origin (N) | ||||||
| Fusidic acid | CWFR-LA Centre of Wild Fauna Recovery of La Alfranca (Spain) | 35 (76.1) P ≤ 0.05; | Hunting (65) | 36 (55.4) | 2.5631 | 5.9109 | 14.2860 |
| Penicillin | CWFR-LA Centre of Wild Fauna Recovery of La Alfranca (Spain) | 27 (58.7) P ≤ 0.05; | Hunting (65) | 20 (30.8) | 1.1114 | 3.1974 | 7.0353 |
| Order (N) | Order (N) | ||||||
| Fusidic acid | Artiodactyla vs (39) | 17 (43.59) | Carnivora P ≤ 0.05; | 22 (78.57) | 4.7461 | 11.249 | 1.0868 |
| Lagomorpha P ≤ 0.05; | 21 (75.0) | 1.5755 | 8.2305 | 14.7275 | |||
| Penicillin | Artiodactyla vs (39) | 7 (15.4) | Carnivora P ≤ 0.05; | 18 (64.3) | 14.2860 | 2.6702 | 5.27426 |
| Erinaceomorpha P ≤ 0.05; | 7 (46.7) | 3.8820 | 25.3810 | 1.7476 | |||
| Lagomorpha P ≤ 0.05; | 15 (53.6) | 1.3396 | 4.0000 | 15.9236 | |||