Fig. 1
Clostridium spp_ and C_ perfringens occurrence in honey samples from Polish apiaries
| Province | Number of samples | Clostridium spp | Clostridium perfringens |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pomeranian | 15 | 5 | 2 |
| Lubuskie | 15 | 3 | 2 |
| Kuyavian-Pomeranian | 15 | 5 | 4 |
| Łódź | 15 | 8 | 6 |
| Greater Poland | 15 | 9 | 7 |
| Lublin | 15 | 4 | 1 |
| Lower Silesian | 15 | 2 | 1 |
| Podlaskie | 15 | 7 | 4 |
| West Pomeranian | 15 | 4 | 2 |
| Warmian-Masurian | 15 | 11 | 5 |
| Subcarpathian | 15 | 11 | 7 |
| Holy Cross | 15 | 15 | 8 |
| Opole | 15 | 9 | 4 |
| Lesser Poland | 15 | 14 | 6 |
| Silesian | 15 | 14 | 4 |
| Masovian | 15 | 15 | 3 |
| Total | 240 | 136 | 66 A(43) Aβ2(23) |
| Total % | 100% | 56.7% | 27.5% A (17.9%) Aβ2 (9.6%) |
Sequences of primers used in mPCR for C_ perfringens detection
| Toxin gene | Primer | Sequence | of Length products | Literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPA5L | AGTCTACGCTTGGGATGGAA | |||
| cpa | CPA5R | TTTCCTGGGTTGTCCATTTC | 900 | |
| CPBL | TCCTTTCTTGAGGGAGGATAAA | |||
| cpb | CPBR | TGAACCTCCTATTTTGTATCCCA | 611 | |
| CPEL | GGGGAACCCTCAGTAGTTTCA | |||
| cpe | CPER | ACCAGCTGGATTTGAGTTTAATG | 506 | |
| 1 | ||||
| CPETXL | TGGGAACTTCGATACAAGCA | |||
| etx | CPETXR | TTAACTCATCTCCCATAACTGCAC | 396 | |
| CPIL | AAACGCATTAAAGCTCACACC | |||
| iap | CPIR | CTGCATAACCTGGAATGGCT | 293 | |
| CPB2L | CAAGCAATTGGGGGAGTTTA | |||
| cpb2 | CPB2R | GCAGAATCAGGATTTTGACCA | 200 |