Fig. 1
Body weight changes in pubertal male Wistar rats treated with corn oil (control) or with flumequine (FLU) at doses of 53, 200 and 750 mg/kg for six weeks. Values are mean ±SD for seven rats in each group. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01
Fig. 2
Relative organ weights in pubertal male Wistar rats treated with corn oil (control) or with flumequine (FLU) at doses of 53, 200 and 750 mg/kg for six weeks. Values are mean ±SD for seven rats per treatment group. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01
Table 1
Haematological parameters of male Wistar rats exposed to FLU for six weeks
| Parameters | Control | 53 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 750 mg/kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RBC (×106 cells/mL) | 7.58 ± 0.2 | 7.43 ± 0.31 | 6.72 ± 1.24 | 7.07 ± 0.31 |
| HGB (g/dL) | 13.9 ± 0.50 | 13.9 ± 0.59 | 12.62 ± 2.35 | 13.5 ± 0.49 |
| HCT (%) | 41.6 ± 2.10 | 41.5 ± 1.55 | 38.1 ± 8.1 | 41.2 ± 1.23 |
| MCV (fL) | 54.73 ± 1.64 | 55.9 ± 1.63 | 56.32 ± 2.12 | 58.8 ± 0.4 |
| MCH (pg) | 18.3 ± 0.43 | 18.7 ± 0.39 | 18.72 ± 0.13 | 19.1 ± 0.32* |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 33.43 ± 0.4 | 33.5 ± 0.76 | 33.3 ± 1.07 | 32.8 ± 0.34 |
| CHCM (g/dL) | 33.64 ± 0.52 | 34 ± 0.96 | 33.61 ± 0.86 | 33.3 ± 0.93 |
| CH (pg) | 18.4 ± 0.5 | 19 ± 0.38 | 18.88 ± 0.51 | 19.4 ± 0.55** |
| RDW (%) | 11.4 ± 0.43 | 11.5 ± 0.5 | 11.34 ± 0.64 | 12 ± 0.45 |
| HDW (g/dL) | 2.40 ± 0.08 | 2.48 ± 0.18 | 2.30 ± 0.14 | 2.42 ± 0.15 |
| PLT (×103 cells/mL) | 1315± 271 | 1264± 223 | 737.4 ± 655 | 1356 ± 81.23 |
| MPV (fL) | 7.17 ± 0.28 | 7.13 ± 0.27 | 10 ± 4.77 | 7.36 ± 0.15 |
| WBC (×103 cells/mL) | 5.75 ± 1.34 | 5.75 ± 2.41 | 6.91 ± 3.9 | 9.21 ± 2.49* |
| NE (×103 cells/mL) | 16.39 ± 2.92 | 18.4 ± 3.95 | 15.82 ± 3.29 | 19.2 ± 3.92 |
| LY (×103 cells/mL) | 79.59 ± 3.18 | 77.3 ± 4.04 | 80.3 ± 3.23 | 75.7 ± 4.87 |
| MO (×103 cells/mL) | 1.32 ± 0.39 | 1.53 ± 0.37 | 1.72 ± 0.68 | 2.34 ± 1.07* |
| EO (×103 cells/mL) | 1.72 ± 0.63 | 1.77 ± 0.65 | 1.34 ± 0.89 | 1.9 ± 0.36 |
| BA (×103 cells/mL) | 0.25 ± 0.21 | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.12 ± 0.13 | 0.2 ± 0.07 |
| LUC (×103 cells/mL) | 0.65 ± 0.39 | 0.69 ± 0.25 | 2.16 ± 3.27 | 0.74 ± 0.23 |
RBC – red blood cell; HGB – haemoglobin; HCT – haematocrit; MCV – mean corpuscular volume; MCH – mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCHC – mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; CHCM – cellular haemoglobin concentration mean; CH – corpuscular haemoglobin; RDW – red cell distribution width; HDW – haemoglobin distribution width; PLT – platelet count; MPV – mean platelet volume; WBC – white blood cell; NE – neutrophil; LY – lymphocyte count; MO – monocyte count; EO – eosinophil count; BA – basophil count; LUC – large unstained cells. Values are mean ± SD of seven rats in each group.
Table 2
Serum biochemical parameters of pubertal male Wistar rats exposed to FLU for six weeks
| Parameter | Control | 53 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 750 mg/kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT (U/l) | 20.1 ± 2.9 | 19.8 ± 3.7 | 20.7 ± 8.1 | 24.3 ± 7.6 |
| AST (U/l) | 61.2 ± 6.4 | 60.8 ± 4.8 | 65.6 ± 5.6 | 60.1 ± 7.4 |
| ALP (U/l) | 127.3 ± 27.6 | 140.8 ± 35.7 | 151.6 ± 50.4 | 141.1 ± 37.8 |
| LDH (U/l) | 188.8 ± 56.6 | 264.9 ± 110.4 | 470.6 ± 254.2** | 352.8 ± 146.7* |
| CK (U/l) | 134.0 ± 35.1 | 162.4 ± 57.3 | 220.4 ± 99.4 | 326.0 ± 194.1* |
| Alb (mg/dl) | 3.33 ± 0.13 | 3.27 ± 0.12 | 3.34 ± 0.13 | 3.30 ± 0.13 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 12.1 ± 1.9 | 12.8 ± 1.4 | 11.2 ± 4.8 | 11.9 ± 3.3 |
| Glu (mg/dl) | 145.86 ± 12.2 | 145.5 ± 15.4 | 136.6 ± 12.1 | 109.7 ± 13.5** |
| TG (mg/dl) | 92.2 ± 32.9 | 72.1 ± 16.2 | 74.3 ± 20.2 | 71.41 ± 17.8 |
| Ca (mg/dl) | 10.58 ± 0.1 | 10.23 ± 0.4 | 8.95 ± 3.7 | 10.38 ± 0.5 |
ALT – alanine aminotransferase; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; ALP – alkaline phosphatase; LDH – lactate dehydrogenase; CK – creatine kinase; Alb – albumin; BUN – blood urea nitrogen; Glu – glucose; TG – triglycerides; Ca – calcium. Values are mean ±SD of seven rats in each group.
Fig. 3
Serum biochemical parameters of pubertal male Wistar rats treated with corn oil (control) or flumequine (FLU) for six weeks Values are mean ±SD of seven rats in each group. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01
Table 3
Sperm motility parameters, sperm numbers, and preputial time of pubertal male Wistar rats exposed to FLU for six weeks
| Parameter | Corn oil | 53 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | 750 mg/kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motility (%) | 73.84 ± 18.89 | 75.21 ± 7.62 | 67.38 ± 17.19 | 75.1 ± 10.98 |
| HYP (%) | 34.85 ± 11.11 | 33.08 ± 11.04 | 39.4 ± 9.41 | 38.69 ± 15.38 |
| VCL (m/s) | 114.5 ± 15.46 | 98.84 ± 33 | 97.62 ± 24.97 | 116.7 ± 26.85 |
| VSL (m/s) | 49.56 ± 22.86 | 42.48 ± 25.36 | 29.96 ± 26.22 | 43.73 ± 28.57 |
| VAP (m/s) | 65.62 ± 20.37 | 53.06 ± 28.43 | 47.12 ± 23.86 | 65.53 ± 27.4 |
| LIN | 42.14 ± 14.8 | 32.16 ± 16.43 | 27.47 ± 19.59 | 39.84 ± 17.03 |
| STR | 72.73 ± 12.25 | 59.82 ± 18.36 | 53.54 ± 27.14 | 70.76 ± 16.49 |
| BCF (Hz) | 11.22 ± 1.148 | 10.64 ± 2.02 | 10.4 ± 1.63 | 11.05 ± 1.09 |
| MAD (degree) | 4.85 ± 1.9 | 4.05 ± 1.8 | 3.35 ± 1.82 | 4.21 ± 2.07 |
| WOB | 56.3 ± 10.95 | 48.6 ± 14.12 | 46.77 ± 12.18 | 54.26 ± 12.15 |
| DNC | 1152.16 ± 185.66 | 1081.74 ± 387.94 | 966.36 ± 359.05 | 1263.49 ± 416.64 |
| DNM (μm) | 27.59 ± 12.16 | 39.65 ± 17.03 | 30.22 ± 9.39 | 32.79 ± 16.04 |
| ALH (μm) | 10.03 ± 0.76 | 9.40 ± 1.81 | 9.35 ± 1.54 | 10.56 ± 1.521 |
| Sperm numbers (×104)+ | 38 ± 9 | 48 ± 10 | 44 ± 8 | 35 ± 9 |
| Preputial time (days) | 40 ± 1.5 | 39 ± 1.2 | 39 ± 1.8 | 40 ± 1 |
[i] Rats were administered orally with FLU (53, 200, 750mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Values are mean ±SD of seven rats in each group. Sperm numbers were determined at cauda eipididymis and represented as ×104/g.
HYP – hyperactive cell percentage; VCL – curvilinear velocity; VSL – straight line velocity; VAP – average path velocity; LIN – linearity; STR – straightness; BCF – beat cross frequency; MAD – mean angular displacement; WOB – wobble coefficient; DNC – dance; DNM – mean dance; ALH – amplitude of lateral head displacement
Fig. 4
Changes in serum immunoglobulins in Wistar male rats of control group and flumequine (FLU) 53, 200, and 750 groups. Values are mean ±SD of seven rats in each group. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01
Fig. 5
Changes in plasma cytokines in Wistar male rats treated with corn oil (control) or flumequine (FLU) 53, 200, and 750 mg/kg for six weeks. IL-10 – interleukin-10; IL-6 – interleukin-6; TNF-α – tumour necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ – interferon-γ; GM-CSF – granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-1β – interleukin-1β; IL-2 – interleukin-2. Values are mean ±SD for seven rats in each group. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01
Fig. 6
Changes in serum hormones in Wistar male rats treated with corn oil (control) or flumequine (FLU) 53, 200, and 750 mg/kg for six weeks TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone; FSH – follicle stimulating hormone; LH – luteinising hormone; fT4 – free T4; fT3 – free T3; tT4 – total thyroxine; tT3 – total triiodothyronine. Values are mean ±SD for seven rats in each group ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01
Fig. 7
Histopathological findings in thyroid glands from Wistar male rats treated with corn oil (control) or flumequine (FLU) in a dose of 750 mg/kg for six weeks. Degeneration and depletion of thyroid follicular epithelial cells are present
Fig. 8
Expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in Wistar male rats treated with corn oil (control), or flumequine (FLU) in a dose of 53, 200, and 750 mg/kg for six weeks. Values are mean ±SD of seven rats in each group. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01