Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure. 3.
Specific productivity of apple trees depending on the shape of the crown and the term of pruning (averaged data for 2019–2022 years)
| Crown form | Term of pruning | Specific productivity per bole cross-sectional area (kg·cm−2) | Specific productivity per total shoot length (kg·m−1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Fuji’ | |||
| Slender spindle | winter (control) | 0.40 ± 0.03 cd | 0.95 ± 0.06 c |
| winter and summer | 0.51 ± 0.04 bc | 1.44 ± 0.13 b | |
| French axis | winter | 0.26 ± 0.02 e | 0.72 ± 0.10 c |
| winter and summer | 0.33 ± 0.01 de | 0.79 ± 0.12 c | |
| Ballerina | winter | 0.57 ± 0.05 ab | 1.42 ± 0.09 b |
| winter and summer | 0.68 ± 0.04 a | 2.03 ± 0.19 a | |
| ‘Honeycrisp’ | |||
| Slender spindle | winter | 0.31 ± 0.03 bc | 0.84 ± 0.05 bc |
| winter and summer | 0.40 ± 0.03 ab | 1.18 ± 0.04 ab | |
| French axis | winter | 0.17 ± 0.02 d | 0.54 ± 0.08 c |
| winter and summer | 0.24 ± 0.01 cd | 0.75 ± 0.08 bc | |
| Ballerina | winter | 0.35 ± 0.03 ab | 1.13 ± 0.07 b |
| winter and summer | 0.43 ± 0.05 a | 1.78 ± 0.24 a | |
Average monthly weather conditions during the experiment (2019–2022 years)
| Month | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rainfall (mm) | 47 | 44 | 39 | 48 | 55 | 87 | 87 | 59 | 43 | 33 | 43 | 48 |
| Air temperature (°C) | −5.7 | −4.2 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 14.6 | 17.6 | 19 | 18.2 | 13.6 | 7.6 | 2.1 | −2.4 |
| Relative air humidity (%) | 86 | 85 | 82 | 68 | 64 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 73 | 80 | 87 | 88 |
Parameters of vegetative growth of apple trees depending on the form of the crown and the term of pruning (averaged data for 2019–2022 years)
| Crown form | Term of pruning | Stem diameter increase (mm) | Number of shoots (pcs. per tree) | Shoot length (cm) | Total shoot length (m per tree) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Fuji’ | |||||
| Slender spindle | winter (control) | 4.8 ± 0.1* ab | 49 ± 3 ab | 22.1 ± 1.8 c | 10.6 ± 0.3 ab |
| winter and summer | 4.1 ± 0.1 cd | 54 ± 5 a | 16.0 ± 1.1 de | 8.6 ± 0.8 bc | |
| French axis | winter | 5.2 ± 0.2 a | 36 ± 3 c | 28.8 ± 2.7 a | 10.3 ± 0.8 ab |
| winter and summer | 4.6 ± 0.2 abc | 41 ± 2 bc | 27.2 ± 2.6 ab | 11.0 ± 0.3 a | |
| Ballerina | winter | 4.4 ± 0.2 bcd | 49 ± 3 ab | 20.3 ± 1.3 bcd | 9.9 ± 0.8 abc |
| winter and summer | 3.8 ± 0.2 d | 54 ± 5 a | 14.7 ± 0.7 e | 7.9 ± 0.8 c | |
| ‘Honeycrisp’ | |||||
| Slender spindle | winter (control) | 6.5 ± 0.2 bc | 45 ± 2 ab | 28.8 ± 0.9 ab | 12.8 ± 0.8 a |
| winter and summer | 6.1 ± 0.1 c | 44 ± 2 ab | 26.4 ± 0.8 b | 11.3 ± 0.3 a | |
| French axis | winter | 7.2 ± 0.1 a | 39 ± 2 b | 32.1 ± 2.0 a | 12.4 ± 0.3 a |
| winter and summer | 6.9 ± 0.1 ab | 39 ± 2 b | 29.3 ± 1.4 ab | 11.4 ± 0.4 a | |
| Ballerina | winter | 6.5 ± 0.1 bc | 43 ± 1 ab | 25.0 ± 1.6 b | 10.7 ± 0.7 ab |
| winter and summer | 5.8 ± 0.2 c | 50 ± 5 a | 17.3 ± 0.8 c | 8.6 ± 1.0 b | |