Deadwood-dominated forests buffer microclimate in exposed mountain areas
References
- Atkin, O.K., Edwards, E.J., Loveys, B.R., 2000. Response of root respiration to changes in temperature and its relevance to global warming. New Phytologist, 147(1), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00683.x
- Barry, R.G., 2008. Mountain Weather and Climate (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754753.
- Bartík, M., Holko, L., Jančo, M., Škvarenina, J., Danko, M., Kostka, Z., 2019. Influence of mountain spruce forest dieback on snow accumulation and melt. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 67(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0022
- Bartík, M., Sitko, R., Oreňák, M., Slovik, J., Škvarenina, J., 2014. Snow accumulation and ablation in disturbed mountain spruce forest in West Tatra Mts. Biologia, 69(11), 1492–1501. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-014-0461-x
- Blahušiaková, A., Matoušková, M., Jenicek, M., Ledvinka, O., Kliment, Z., Podolinská, J., Snopková, Z., 2020. Snow and climate trends and their impact on seasonal runoff and hydrological drought types in selected mountain catchments in Central Europe. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 65(12), 2083–2096. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1784900
- Błońska, E., Ważny, R., Górski, A., Lasota, J., 2024. Decomposing benefits: Examining the impact of beech deadwood on soil properties and microbial diversity. Science of The Total Environment, 930, 172774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172774
- Bonferroni, C.E., 1936. Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilità. Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze, 8, 3–62.
- Brůna, J., Macek, M., Klinerová, T., Hederová, L., Růžičková, A., Kopecký, M., 2024. Disturbance effects on mountain spruce forest microclimates. Silva Gabreta, 30, 141-160.
- Bueno de Mesquita, C.P., Tillmann, L.S., Bernard, C.D., Rosemond, K.C., Molotch, N.P., Suding, K.N., 2018. Topographic heterogeneity explains patterns of vegetation response to climate change (1972–2008) across a mountain landscape, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 50(1), e1504492. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1504492
- Cerioni, M., Brabec, M., Bače, R., Bāders, E., Bončina, A., Brůna, J., ..., Nagel, T.A., 2024. Recovery and resilience of European temperate forests after large and severe disturbances. Global Change Biology, 30(2), e17159. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17159
- Danko, M., Jančo, M., Sleziak, P., Liová, S., 2025. Climatic and hydrological characteristics of the mountain catchment: A comparison of the current period with the 30-year normal. Acta Hydrologica Slovaca, 26, 236-243.
- De Frenne, P., Lenoir, J., Luoto, M., Scheffers, B.R., Zellweger, F., Aalto, J., ..., Hylander, K., 2021. Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda. Global change biology, 27(11), 2279–2297. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15569
- Dobor, L., Hlásny, T., Rammer, W., Zimová, S., Barka, I., Seidl, R., 2020. Is salvage logging effectively dampening bark beetle outbreaks and preserving forest carbon stocks?. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13518
- Dollinger, C., Rammer, W., Seidl, R., 2023. Climate change accelerates ecosystem restoration in the mountain forests of Central Europe. Journal of Applied Ecology, 60(12), 2665–2675. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14520
- Ďurský, J., Škvarenina, J., Minďáš, J., Miková, A., 2006. Regional analysis of climate change impact on Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) growth in Slovak mountain forests. Journal of Forest Science, 52(7), 306-315. https://doi.org/10.17221/4512-JFS
- Eliáš, P. 2014. Sunflecks in forest communities and their importance for plant life in a forest understorey. In J. Rožnovský & T. Litschmann (Eds.), Mendel a bioklimatologie: Brno, 3.–5. 9. 2014 (pp. 1–10). Mendel University. ISBN 978-80-210-6983-1.
- Falťan, V., Petrovič, F., Gábor, M., Šagát, V., Hruška, M., 2021. Mountain landscape dynamics after large wind and bark beetle disasters and subsequent logging—case studies from the Carpathians. Remote Sensing, 13(19), 3873. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193873
- Faško, P., Markovič, L., Bochníček, O., 2023. Changes in snow accumulation and snow depth in Slovakia in the 1921-2021 period. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (pp. EGU-5554).
- Fleischer, P., Pichler, V., Fleischer Jr, P., Holko, L., Máliš, F., Gömöryová, E., ..., Hlaváč, P. 2017. Forest ecosystem services affected by natural disturbances, climate and land-use changes in the Tatra Mountains. Climate Research, 73, 57–71. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01461
- Floriancic, M.G., Allen, S.T., Meier, R., Truniger, L., Kirchner, J.W., Molnar, P., 2023. Forest-floor litter and deadwood cycle significant amounts precipitation. In EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13837, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13837, 2023.
- Foken, T., 2017. Micrometeorology. Second edition. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25440-6.
- Gebauer, R., Plichta, R., Urban, J., Volařík, D., Hájíčková, M., 2020. The resistance and resilience of European beech seedlings to drought stress during the period of leaf development. Tree Physiology, 40(9), 1147–1164. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa066.
- Geiger, R., Aron, R.H., Todhunter, P., 2009. The Climate Near the Ground (7th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic, USA.
- Green, J.E., Kolka, R.K., Palik, B.J., 2022. Water retention and release by deadwood: Implications for microhabitats and regeneration. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2022/nrs_2022_green https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89293-7_3001.pdf.
- Hančinský, L., 1972. Lesné typy Slovenska (Forest types of Slovakia). Príroda, Bratislava, 307 pp. (In Slovak).
- Hillayová, M.K., Holécy, J., Korísteková, K., Bakšová, M., Ostrihoň, M., Škvarenina, J., 2023. Ongoing climatic change increases the risk of wildfires. Case study: Carpathian spruce forests. Journal of environmental management, 337, 117620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117620.
- Hlásny, T., König, L., Krokene, P., Lindner, M., Montagné-Huck, C., Müller, J., Quin, H., Raffa, K.F., Schelhaas, M.-J., Svoboda, M., Viiri, H., Seidl, R., 2021. Bark beetle outbreaks in Europe: state of knowledge and ways forward for management. Current Forestry Reports, 7(3), 138–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-021-00142-x.
- Hlásny, T., Mátyás, C., Seidl, R., Kulla, L., Merganicová, K., Trombik, J., Dobor., L., Barcza, Z., Konôpka, B., 2014. Climate change increases the drought risk in Central European forests: What are the options for adaptation?. Central European Forestry Journal, 60(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2014-0001.
- Holko, L., Danko, M., Jančo, M., Sleziak, P., Varšavová, S., 2025. Precipitation characteristics estimated from the data given by recording raingauges and automatic weather stations. Acta Hydrologica Slovaca, 26, 27-39.
- Jamnická, G., Fleischer Jr, P., Konôpková, A., Pšidová, E., Kučerová, J., Kurjak, D., Živčák, M., Ditmarová, Ľ., 2019. Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) provenances use different physiological strategies to cope with water deficit. Forests, 10(8), 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080651.
- Jančo, M., Škvarenina, J., Škvareninová, J., Danko, M., Sleziak, P., 2026. Influence of total interception on the surface runoff in a decline mountain spruce forest. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 14, 1757503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1757503.
- Jančo, M., Mezei, P., Kvas, A., Danko, M., Sleziak, P., Minďáš, J., Škvarenina, J., 2021. Effect of mature spruce forest on canopy interception in subalpine conditions during three growing seasons. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 69(4), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0025.
- John, A., Pradhan, K., Case, M.J., Ettinger, A.K., Lambers, J.H.R., 2024. Forest canopy cover affects microclimate buffering during an extreme heat event. Environmental Research Communications, 6(9), 091015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad7705.
- Konôpka, B., Šebeň, V., Pajtík, J., 2019. Species composition and carbon stock of tree cover at a postdisturbance area in Tatra National Park, Western Carpathians. Mountain Research and Development, 39(1), R71-R80. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-19-00008.1
- Krajčí, P., Holko, L., Parajka, J., 2016. Variability of snow line elevation, snow cover area and depletion in the main Slovak basins in winters 2001–2014. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 64(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/johh-2016-0011.
- Krippel, E., 1986. Postglaciálny vývoj vegetácie Slovenska [Postglacial development of the vegetation of Slovakia]. Veda, Bratislava. 312 p. (in Slovak with German summary).
- Kruskal, W.H., Wallis, W.A., 1952. Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47(260), 583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441.
- Kunca, A., Zúbrik, M., Galko, J., Vakula, J., Leontovyč, R., Konôpka, B., Nikolov, Ch., Gubka, A., Longauerová, V., Maľová, M., Rell, S., Lalík, M., 2019. Salvage felling in the Slovak Republic’s forests during the last twenty years (1998–2017). Central European Forestry Journal, 65(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2019-0007.
- Kurjak, D., Střelcová, K., Ditmarová, Ľ., Priwitzer, T., Kmeť, J., Homolák, M., Pichler, V., 2012. Physiological response of irrigated and non-irrigated Norway spruce trees as a consequence of drought in field conditions. European Journal of Forest Research, 131, 1737–1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0611-z.
- Leštianska, A., Fleischer Jr, P., Merganičová, K., Fleischer Sr, P., Střelcová, K., 2024. Intra-annual dynamics of stem circumference variation and water status of four coniferous tree species (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Larix decidua and Abies alba) under warmer and water-limited conditions. Biologia, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01693-7
- Liu, B.Y.H., Jordan, R.C., 1963. The long‐term average performance of flat‐plate solar‐energy collectors: With design data for the U.S., its outlying possessions and Canada. Solar Energy, 7(2), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(63)90006-9
- Lukasová, V., Varšová, S., Buchholcerová, A., Onderka, M., Bilčík, D., 2023. Changes in the high-altitude climate of High Tatra Mts. evaluated by climatic normals from the Skalnaté Pleso Observatory. Meteorologický časopis, 26, 47–52.
- Lukasová, V., Škvareninová, J., Bičárová, S., Sitárová, Z., Hlavatá, H., Borsányi, P., Škvarenina, J., 2021. Regional and altitudinal aspects in summer heatwave intensification in the Western Carpathians. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 146(3), 1111–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03789-5.
- Mann, H.B., Whitney, D.R., 1947. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491.
- Matev, S., Radeva, K., Nikolova, N., 2025. Snow cover dynamics in the high mountains of Bulgaria as a factor for geomorphological processes. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society, 86(part 3), 317-321
- Mayer, M., Rosinger, C., Gorfer, M., Berger, H., Deltedesco, E., Bässler, C., Müller, J., Seifert, L., Rewald, B., Godbold, D.L., 2022. Surviving trees and deadwood moderate changes in soil fungal communities and associated functioning after natural forest disturbance and salvage logging. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 166, 108558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108558.
- McDowell, N., Pockman, W.T., Allen, C.D., Breshears, D.D., Cobb, N., Kolb, T., Plaut, J., Sperry, J.S., West, A., Williams, D.G., Yepez, E.A., 2008. Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist, 178(4), 719–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x
- Melo, M., Lapin, M., Kapolková, H., Pecho, J., Kružicová, A., 2013. Climate Trends in the Slovak Part of the Carpathians. In: Kozak, J., Ostapowicz, K., Bytnerowicz, A., Wyżga, B. (eds) The Carpathians: Integrating Nature and Society Towards Sustainability. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12725-0_10
- Melo, M., Lapin, M., Pecho, J., 2022. Climate in the Past and Present in the Slovak Landscapes—The Central European Context. In: Lehotský, M., Boltižiar, M. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Slovakia. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham, pp. 27–44, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89293-7_3.
- Mészáros, J., Halaj, M., Polčák, N., Onderka, M., 2022 Mean annual totals of precipitation during the period 1991–2015 with respect tocyclonic situations in Slovakia. Időjárás/Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, 126(2), 267–284. DOI:10.28974/idojaras.2022.2.6.
- Mezei, P., Grodzki, W., Blaženec, M., Škvarenina, J., Brandýsová, V., Jakuš, R., 2014. Host and site factors affecting tree mortality caused by the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in mountainous conditions. Forest Ecology and Management, 331, 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.031.
- Micu, D.M., Amihaesei, V.A., Milian, N., Cheval, S., 2021. Recent changes in temperature and precipitation indices in the Southern Carpathians, Romania (1961–2018). Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 144(1), 691–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03560-w.
- Mwamulima, T., Bennett, L.T., Lane, P.N.J., Sheridan, G.J., 2025. Quantifying forest structure effects on microclimate buffering across a climatic gradient in temperate Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 586, 122686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122686
- Nikolova, N., Radeva, K., Matev, S., Gera, M., 2026. Observed Change in Precipitation and Extreme Precipitation Months in the High Mountain Regions of Bulgaria. Atmosphere. 17(1):93. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010093
- Oreňák, M., Vido, J., Hríbik, M., Bartík, M., Jakuš, R., Škvarenina, J., 2013. Interception process of spruce forest in the phase of disintegration in the Western Tatras (Západné Tatry), Slovakia. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 58(4), 360–369
- Riederer, M., Schreiber, L., 2001. Protecting against water loss: Analysis of the barrier properties of plant cuticles. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52(363), 2023–2032. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.363.2023
- Ruthrof, K.X., Fontaine, J.B., Matusick, G., Breshears, D.D., Law, D.J., Powell, S., Hardy, G., 2016. How drought-induced forest die-off alters microclimate and increases fuel loadings and fire potentials. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(8), 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15028.
- Rybníček, K., Rybníčková, E., 1986. Vegetácia, vývoj po dobe ľadovej [Vegetation, post-glacial development]. In: Michalko J. et al. (1987): Geobotanic map of Czechoslovakia - Slovak Republic. – Veda, Bratislava, 167 pp., 12 map sheets (in Slovak with English, German summary).
- Sandström, J., Bernes, C., Junninen, K., Lõhmus, A., Macdonald, E., Müller, J., Jonsson, B.G., 2019. Impacts of dead wood manipulation on the biodiversity of temperate and boreal forests. A systematic review. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(7), 1770–1781. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13395.
- Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (2008). Report containing additional information with respect to the implementation of the GCOS plan, following the established reporting guidelines FCCC/SBSTA/2007/L.14. Bratislava: Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic.
- Sommerfeld, A., Rammer, W., Heurich, M., Hilmers, T., Müller, J., Seidl, R., 2021. Do bark beetle outbreaks amplify or dampen future bark beetle disturbances in Central Europe?. Journal of Ecology, 109(2), 737–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13502
- Stage, A.R., Salas, C., 2007. Interactions of elevation, aspect, and slope in models of forest species composition and productivity. Forest Science, 53(4), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/53.4.486
- Stanová V., Valachovič M., (eds), 2002. Katalóg biotopov Slovenska (Catalog of Slovak biotops). DAPHNE– Inštitút aplikovanej ekológie/Institute of Applied Ecology, Bratislava, 225 pp. (In Slovak).
- Středa, T., Středová, H., Rožnovský, J., 2011. Orchards microclimatic specifics. In B. Šiška, M. Hauptvogl, & M. Eliašová (Eds.), Bioclimate: Source and Limit of Social Development (pp. 132–133). Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra.
- Středová, H., Fukalová, P., Chuchma, F., Středa, T., 2020. A complex method for estimation of multiple abiotic hazards in forest ecosystems. Water, 12(10), 2872. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102872
- Šebeň, V., Pajtík, J., Konôpka, B., 2024. The Impact of Salvage Logging on Deadwood Decomposition and Forest Regeneration: A Case Study in Tatra National Park, Slovakia. Forests, 15(11), 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111936.
- Škvarenina, J., Ostrihoň, M., Malovcová, L., Korená Hillayová, M., Jančo, M., Borsányi, P., Korený, Ľ., Vyskot, I., 2024. Wildfire incidence and fire climatology of the Western Tatras Mts. Acta Facultatis Forestalis, 66(1), 87–104 (in Slovak with English abstract).
- Škvarenina, J., Vido, J., Minďaš, J., Střelcová, K., Škvareninová, J., Fleischer, P., Bošeľa, M., 2018. Globálne zmeny klímy a lesné ekosystémy (Global climate change and forest ecosystems). Technická Univerzita vo Zvolene, Zvolen, pp. 210 (in Slovak).
- Šrámek, V., Fadrhonsová, V., Hellebrandová, K.N., 2025. Rainfall variability in the mountain forest catchments of Černá Opava tributaries in the Jeseníky Mountains. Journal of Forest Science, 71(3), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.17221/96/2024-JFS.
- Thom, D., Rammer, W., Seidl, R., 2020b. The value of forest microclimate in a warming world. Global Change Biology, 26(10), 5324–5332. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612769/.
- Thom, D., Rammer, W., Garbarino, M., D’Amato, A.W., Seidl, R., 2020a. Effects of disturbance patterns and deadwood on the microclimate in European beech forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 291, 108066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108066.
- Thorn, S., Bässler, C., Brandl, R., Burton, P. J., Cahall, R., Campbell, J. L., ..., Müller, J., 2018. Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12945.
- Vido, J., Borsányi, P., Nalevanková, P., Hanzelová, M., Kučera, J., Škvarenina, J., 2024. Thunderstorm climatology of Slovakia between 1984–2023. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 155(9), 8651–8679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-05147-7
- Vido, J., Tadesse, T., Šustek, Z., Kandrík, R., Hanzelová, M., Škvarenina, J., Škvareninová, J., Hayes, M., 2015. Drought occurrence in central european mountainous region (Tatra National Park, Slovakia) within the period 1961–2010. Advances in Meteorology, 2015(1), 248728. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/248728.
- Vichta, T., Volánek, J., Kučera, A., Holík, L., Samec, P., Valtera, M., Bajer, A., Balková, M., 2025. Effects of salvage logging on the soil microclimate of temperate European forests following Norway spruce dieback. Forest Ecology and Management, 593, 122922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122922.
- Von Arx, G., Dobbertin, M., Rebetez, M., 2012. Spatio-temporal effects of forest canopy on understory microclimate in a long-term experiment in Switzerland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 166, 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.018.
- Wang, S., Hoch, G., Grun, G., Kahmen, A., 2024. Water loss after stomatal closure: Quantifying leaf minimum conductance and minimal water use in nine temperate European tree species during a severe drought. Tree Physiology, 44(4), tpae027. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae027
- Wilcoxon, F., 1945. Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin, 1(6), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001968.
- Wypych, A., Ustrnul, Z., 2024. Precipitation and hydrological extremes during the warm season in response to climate change: the example from the Polish Carpathians. Regional Environmental Change, 24(2), 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02252-1.
- Zeleňáková, M., Vido, J., Portela, M. M., Purcz, P., Blištán, P., Hlavatá, H., Hluštík, P., 2017. Precipitation trends over Slovakia in the period 1981–2013. Water, 9(12), 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120922.
- Zhang, S., Sjögren, J., Jönsson, M., 2024. Retention forestry amplifies microclimate buffering in boreal forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 350, 109973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.109973.
- Ziernicka-Wojtaszek, A., 2019. Pluviothermal regionalization of Poland in light of present-day climate change. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(1), 989–996. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/99976.
- Ziernicka-Wojtaszek, A., Wojtaszek, R., 2025. Variation in runoff in Poland in relation to precipitation and air temperature. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 73(4), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2025-0031.
- Zweifel, R., Bohm, J.P., Hasler, R., 2002. Midday stomatal closure in Norway spruce—Reactions in the upper and lower crown. Tree Physiology, 22(15–16), 1125–1136. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.15-16.1125.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johh-2026-0022 | Journal eISSN: 1338-4333 (formerly 0042-790X) | Journal ISSN: 0042-790X
Language: English
Page range: 289 - 303
Submitted on: May 8, 2026
Accepted on: Jun 23, 2026
Published on: Sep 5, 2026
Published by: Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Jaroslav Vido, Paulína Nalevanková, Martin Jančo, Daniel Kurjak, Jozef Zverko, Jana Kurjaková, Lenka Malovcová, Jana Škvareninová, Jaroslav Škvarenina, published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.