References
- Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., others, 1998. Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. FAO Rome 300, D05109.
- Anderson, M.C., Norman, J.M., Mecikalski, J.R., Otkin, J.A., Kustas, W.P., 2007. A climatological study of evapotranspiration and moisture stress across the continental United States based on thermal remote sensing: 1. Model formulation. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 112, Article Number: D10117.
- Antonetti, M., Buss, R., Scherrer, S., Margreth, M., Zappa, M., 2016. Mapping dominant runoff processes: an evaluation of different approaches using similarity measures and synthetic runoff simulations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2929–2945. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2929-201610.5194/hess-20-2929-2016
- Antonetti, M., Zappa, M., 2018. How can expert knowledge increase the realism of conceptual hydrological models? A case study based on the concept of dominant runoff process in the Swiss Pre-Alps. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4425–4447.10.5194/hess-22-4425-2018
- Ayyoub, A., Er-Raki, S., Khabba, S., Merlin, O., Ezzahar, J., Rodriguez, J., Bahlaoui, A., Chehbouni, A., 2017. A simple and alternative approach based on reference evapotranspiration and leaf area index for estimating tree transpiration in semi-arid regions. Agric. Water Manag., 188, 61–68.
- Bahremand, A., 2016. HESS Opinions: Advocating process modeling and de-emphasizing parameter estimation. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1433–1445.10.5194/hess-20-1433-2016
- Behrens, T., Zhu, A.-X., Schmidt, K., Scholten, T., 2010. Multi-scale digital terrain analysis and feature selection for digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 155, 175–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.07.01010.1016/j.geoderma.2009.07.010
- Beven, K., 2006. A manifesto for the equifinality thesis. J. Hydrol., 320, 18–36.
- Beven, K., 1979. A sensitivity analysis of the Penman-Monteith actual evapotranspiration estimates. J. Hydrol., 44, 169–190.10.1016/0022-1694(79)90130-6
- Bie, W., Casper, M.C., Reiter, P., Vohland, M., 2015. Surface resistance calibration for a hydrological model using evapotranspiration retrieved from remote sensing data in Nahe catchment forest area. Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 368, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-81-201510.5194/piahs-368-81-2015
- Blöschl, G., 2001. Scaling in hydrology. Hydrol. Process., 15, 709–711.
- Bromley, J., Jackson, N.A., Clymer, O., Giacomello, A.M., Jensen, F.V., 2005. The use of Hugin® to develop Bayesian networks as an aid to integrated water resource planning. Environ. Model. Softw., 20, 231–242.
- Burgess, S.S., Adams, M.A., Turner, N.C., Beverly, C.R., Ong, C.K., Khan, A.A., Bleby, T.M., 2001. An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. Tree Physiol., 21, 589–598.10.1093/treephys/21.9.589
- Campbell, G., Calissendorff, C., Williams, J., 1991. Probe for measuring soil specific heat using a heat-pulse method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55, 291–293.10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500010052x
- Cash, D.W., Clark, W.C., Alcock, F., Dickson, N.M., Eckley, N., Guston, D.H., Jäger, J., Mitchell, R.B., 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100, 8086–8091.10.1073/pnas.1231332100
- Casper, M.C., Gronz, O., Gemmar, P., 2015. Process-oriented parameterisation and calibration of a water balance model. Hydrol. Wasserbewirtsch., 59, 136–144.
- Casper, M.C., Vohland, M., 2008. Validation of a large scale hydrological model with data fields retrieved from reflective and thermal optical remote sensing data – A case study for the Upper Rhine Valley. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC, 33, 1061–1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.00110.1016/j.pce.2008.06.001
- Cullmann, J., Mishra, V., Peters, R., 2006. Flow analysis with WaSiMETH? model parameter sensitivity at different scales. Adv. Geosci., 9, 73–77.
- Droogers, P., Allen, R.G., 2002. Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions. Irrig. Drain. Syst., 16, 33–45.
- Durigon, A., Van Lier, Q.D.J., Metselaar, K., 2016. Forcing variables in simulation of transpiration of water stressed plants determined by principal component analysis. Int. Agrophysics, 30, 431–445.
- Elfert, S., Bormann, H., 2010. Simulated impact of past and possible future land use changes on the hydrological response of the Northern German lowland ‘Hunte’ catchment. J. Hydrol., 383, 245–255.
- Federer, C.A., Lash, D., 1978. Simulated streamflow response to possible differences in transpiration among species of hardwood trees. Water Resour. Res., 14, 1089–1097.10.1029/WR014i006p01089
- Fenicia, F., McDonnell, J.J., Savenije, H.H., 2008a. Learning from model improvement: On the contribution of complementary data to process understanding. Water Resour. Res., 44, 6, Article Number: W06419.10.1029/2007WR006386
- Fenicia, F., Savenije, H.H., Matgen, P., Pfister, L., 2008b. Understanding catchment behavior through stepwise model concept improvement. Water Resour. Res., 44, 1, Article Number: W01402.10.1029/2006WR005563
- Fox, D.G., 1981. Judging air quality model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 62, 599–609.10.1175/1520-0477(1981)062<;0599:JAQMP>2.0.CO;2
- Franks, S.W., Gineste, P., Beven, K.J., Merot, P., 1998. On constraining the predictions of a distributed model: the incorporation of fuzzy estimates of saturated areas into the calibration process. Water Resour. Res., 34, 787–797.10.1029/97WR03041
- Garrigues, S., Boone, A., Decharme, B., Olioso, A., Albergel, C., Calvet, J.-C., Moulin, S., Buis, S., Martin, E., 2018. Impacts of the soil water transfer parameterization on the simulation of evapotranspiration over a 14-year Mediterranean crop succession. J. Hydro-meteorol., 19, 3–25.
- Gharari, S., Hrachowitz, M., Fenicia, F., Gao, H., Savenije, H., 2014. Using expert knowledge to increase realism in environmental system models can dramatically reduce the need for calibration. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4839.10.5194/hess-18-4839-2014
- Grayson, R., Blöschl, G., 2001. Summary of pattern comparison and concluding remarks. In: Grayson, R., Blöschl, G. (Eds): Spatial Patterns in Catchment Hydrology – Observations and Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 355–367.
- Grigoryan, G.V., Casper, M.C., Gauer, J., Vasconcelos, A.C., Reiter, P.P., 2010. Impact of climate change on water balance of forest sites in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Adv. Geosci., 27, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-27-37-201010.5194/adgeo-27-37-2010
- Gupta, H.V., Beven, K.J., Wagener, T., 2005. Model calibration and uncertainty estimation. In: Anderson, M. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 3, Chapter 131, pp. 2015–2032.
- Gupta, H.V., Sorooshian, S., Yapo, P.O., 1998. Toward improved calibration of hydrologic models: Multiple and noncommensurable measures of information. Water Resour. Res., 34, 751–763.10.1029/97WR03495
- Gurtz, J., Zappa, M., Jasper, K., Lang, H., Verbunt, M., Badoux, A., Vitvar, T., 2003. A comparative study in modelling runoff and its components in two mountainous catchments. Hydrol. Process., 17, 297–311.
- Hasenmueller, E.A., Criss, R.E., 2013. Water balance estimates of evapotranspiration rates in areas with varying land use. In: Alexandris, S. (Ed.): Evapotranspiration-An Overview. IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/52811.10.5772/52811
- Hassler, S.K., Weiler, M., Blume, T., 2018. Tree-, stand-and site-specific controls on landscape-scale patterns of transpiration. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 13–30.10.5194/hess-22-13-2018
- Haude, W., 1955. Zur Bestimmung der Verdunstung auf möglichst einfache Weise. Dt. Wetterdienst, Bad Kissingen.
- Holst, J., Grote, R., Offermann, C., Ferrio, J.P., Gessler, A., Mayer, H., Rennenberg, H., 2010. Water fluxes within beech stands in complex terrain. Int. J. Biometeorol., 54, 23–36.10.1007/s00484-009-0248-x
- Hrachowitz, M., Fovet, O., Ruiz, L., Euser, T., Gharari, S., Nijzink, R., Freer, J., Savenije, H., Gascuel-Odoux, C., 2014. Process consistency in models: The importance of system signatures, expert knowledge, and process complexity. Water Resour. Res., 50, 7445–7469.10.1002/2014WR015484
- Jasper, K., 2001. Hydrological modelling of Alpine river catchments using output variables from atmospheric models (PhD Thesis). ETH Zurich.
- Jasper, K., Gurtz, J., Lang, H., 2002. Advanced flood forecasting in Alpine watersheds by coupling meteorological observations and forecasts with a distributed hydrological model. J. Hydrol., 267, 40–52.
- Juilleret, J., Iffly, J.-F., Hoffmann, L., Hissler, C., 2012. The potential of soil survey as a tool for surface geological mapping: a case study in a hydrological experimental catchment (Huewelerbach, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg). Geologica Belgica, 15, 1–2, 36–41.
- Klok, E., Jasper, K., Roelofsma, K., Gurtz, J., Badoux, A., 2001. Distributed hydrological modelling of a heavily glaciated Alpine river basin. Hydrol. Sci. J., 46, 553–570.
- Koch, J., Jensen, K.H., Stisen, S., 2015. Toward a true spatial model evaluation in distributed hydrological modeling: Kappa statistics, Fuzzy theory, and EOF-analysis benchmarked by the human perception and evaluated against a modeling case study. Water Resour. Res., 51, 1225–1246. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR01660710.1002/2014WR016607
- Koch, J., Mendiguren, G., Mariethoz, G., Stisen, S., 2017. Spatial sensitivity analysis of simulated land surface patterns in a catchment model using a set of innovative spatial performance metrics. J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 1121–1142. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0148.110.1175/JHM-D-16-0148.1
- Koch, J., Siemann, A., Stisen, S., Sheffield, J., 2016. Spatial validation of large-scale land surface models against monthly land surface temperature patterns using innovative performance metrics. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 121, 5430–5452.
- Köstner, B., Biron, P., Siegwolf, R., Granier, A., 1996. Estimates of water vapor flux and canopy conductance of Scots pine at the tree level utilizing different xylem sap flow methods. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 53, 105–113.
- Kramer, P.J., Boyer, J.S., 1995. Water Relations of Plants and Soils. Academic Press.
- Legates, D.R., McCabe, G.J., 1999. Evaluating the use of “goodness-of-fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resour. Res., 35, 233–241.
- Livneh, B., 2012. Development of a unified land model with multi-criteria observational data for the simulation of regional hydrology and land-atmosphere interaction. PhD Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
- Lu, P., Urban, L., Zhao, P., 2004. Granier’s thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method for measuring sap flow in trees: theory and practice. ACTA Bot. Sin. (Engl. Ed.), 46, 631–646.
- Martínez-Carreras, N., Krein, A., Gallart, F., Iffly, J.-F., Hissler, C., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., Owens, P.N., 2012. The influence of sediment sources and hydrologic events on the nutrient and metal content of fine-grained sediments (Attert River basin, Luxembourg). Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 223, 5685–5705.
- Martínez-Carreras, N., Udelhoven, T., Krein, A., Gallart, F., Iffly, J.F., Ziebel, J., Hoffmann, L., Pfister, L., Walling, D.E., 2010. The use of sediment colour measured by diffuse reflectance spectrometry to determine sediment sources: application to the Attert River catchment (Luxembourg). J. Hydrol., 382, 49–63.
- McKeen, S., Wilczak, J., Grell, G., Djalalova, I., Peckham, S., Hsie, E.-Y., Gong, W., Bouchet, V., Menard, S., Moffet, R., others, 2005. Assessment of an ensemble of seven real-time ozone forecasts over eastern North America during the summer of 2004. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 110, Article Number: D21307.
- Middelkoop, H., Daamen, K., Gellens, D., Grabs, W., Kwadijk, J.C., Lang, H., Parmet, B.W.A.H., Schädler, B., Schulla, J., Wilke, K., 2001. Impact of climate change on hydrological regimes and water resources management in the Rhine basin. Clim. Change, 49, 105–128.
- Mohajerani, H., Kholghi, M., Mosaedi, A., Farmani, R., Sadoddin, A., Casper, M., 2017. Application of Bayesian decision networks for groundwater resources management under the conditions of high uncertainty and data scarcity. Water Resour. Manag., 31, 1859–1879.10.1007/s11269-017-1616-7
- Monteith, J., 1981. Evaporation and surface temperature. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 1–27.
- Monteith, J., Szeicz, G., Waggoner, P., 1965. The measurement and control of stomatal resistance in the field. J. Appl. Ecol., 345–355.10.2307/2401484
- Mualem, Y., 1974. A conceptual model of hysteresis. Water Resources Research, 10, 514–520.
- Nash, J.E., Sutcliffe, J.V., 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I—A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290.
- Paço, T.A., Pôças, I., Cunha, M., Silvestre, J.C., Santos, F.L., Paredes, P., Pereira, L.S., 2014. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for a super intensive olive orchard. An application of SIMDualKc and METRIC models using ground and satellite observations. J. Hydrol., 519, 2067–2080.
- Pfister, L., Humbert, J., Hoffmann, L., 2000. Recent trends in rainfall-runoff characteristics in the Alzette river basin, Luxembourg. Clim. Change, 45, 323–337.
- Richards, L.A., 1931. Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. Physics, 1, 318–333.
- Sauer, T., 2007. Modellierung von Bodenwasserhaushalt und Abflussprozessen auf der Plotskale in Abhängigkeit von Substrat und Landnutzung (Dissertation). University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
- Saugier, B., Granier, A., Pontailler, J., Dufrene, E., Baldocchi, D., 1997. Transpiration of a boreal pine forest measured by branch bag, sap flow and micrometeorological methods. Tree Physiol., 17, 511–519.10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.511
- Savage, N., Agnew, P., Davis, L., Ordóñez, C., Thorpe, R., Johnson, C., O’Connor, F., Dalvi, M., 2013. Air quality modelling using the Met Office Unified Model (AQUM OS24-26): model description and initial evaluation. Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 353.
- Schaap, M.G., Leij, F.J., Van Genuchten, M.T., 2001. Rosetta: A computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions. J. Hydrol., 251, 163–176.
- Schulla, J., 2017. Model Description WaSiM (Water balance Simulation Model), completely revised version 2017. Zür. Switz. Hydrol. Softw. Consult., 347.
- Schulla, J., 1997. Hydrologische Modellierung von Flussgebieten zur Abschätzung der Folgen von Klimaänderungen. PhD Thesis. ETH Zurich.
- Seibert, J., McDonnell, J.J., 2002. On the dialog between experimentalist and modeler in catchment hydrology: Use of soft data for multicriteria model calibration. Water Resour. Res., 38, 11, Article Number: 1241.10.1029/2001WR000978
- Senapati, N., Jansson, P.-E., Smith, P., Chabbi, A., 2016. Modelling heat, water and carbon fluxes in mown grassland under multi-objective and multi-criteria constraints. Environ. Model. Softw., 80, 201–224.
- Sprenger, M., Seeger, S., Blume, T., Weiler, M., 2016. Travel times in the vadose zone: Variability in space and time. Water Resour. Res., 52, 5727–5754.10.1002/2015WR018077
- Steinbrich, A., Leistert, H., Weiler, M., 2016. Model-based quantification of runoff generation processes at high spatial and temporal resolution. Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 1423.10.1007/s12665-016-6234-9
- Teepe, R., Dilling, H., Beese, F., 2003. Estimating water retention curves of forest soils from soil texture and bulk density. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166, 111–119.
- Van Genuchten, M.T., 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils 1. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898.
- Van Genuchten, M.T., Leij, F.J., Yates, S.R., Williams, J.R., 1991. The RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils. U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA, Riverside, California.
- Verbunt, M., Gurtz, J., Jasper, K., Lang, H., Warmerdam, P., Zappa, M., 2003. The hydrological role of snow and glaciers in alpine river basins and their distributed modeling. J. Hydrol., 282, 36–55.
- Vose, J.M., Harvey, G.J., Elliott, K.J., Clinton, B.D., 2003. Measuring and modeling tree and stand level transpiration. In: Lehr, J.H., Keeley, J. (Eds.): Water Encyclopedia, Volume 3, Surface and Agricultural Water. Wiley, pp. 732–740.
- Wagener, T., Boyle, D.P., Lees, M.J., Wheater, H.S., Gupta, H.V., Sorooshian, S., 2001. A framework for development and application of hydrological models. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 13–26.
- Walker, G.R., Zhang, L., 2002. Plot Scale Models and their Application to Recharge Studies. Part 10 of Basics of Recharge and Discharge Series. CSIRO Publishing.
- Wendling, U., 1975. Zur Messung und Schätzung der potentiellen Verdunstung. Z. Für Meteorol., 25, 103–111.
- Willmott, C.J., 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 63, 1309–1313.10.1175/1520-0477(1982)063<;1309:SCOTEO>2.0.CO;2
- Wilson, K.B., Hanson, P.J., Mulholland, P.J., Baldocchi, D.D., Wullschleger, S.D., 2001. A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance. Agric. For. Meteorol., 106, 153–168.
- Zehe, E., Ehret, U., Pfister, L., Blume, T., Schröder, B., Westhoff, M., Jackisch, C., Schymanski, S. J., Weiler, M., Schulz, K., Allroggen, N., Tronicke, J., van Schaik, L., Dietrich, P., Scherer, U., Eccard, J., Wulfmeyer, V., Kleidon, A., 2014. HESS Opinions: From response units to functional units: a thermodynamic reinterpretation of the HRU concept to link spatial organization and functioning of intermediate scale catchments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4635–4655.10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014