Figure 1:
Timetable of the study. T1-T4 indicate the four times when samples and measurements were taken in the OG.
Figure 2:
Behavior, during the study, of medians of the variables pertaining to: a) subtype “+”, i.e., those whose decrease can be considered as beneficial, and b) subtype “−”, i.e., those whose increase can be considered as beneficial. T1 to T4 refer to the time of measurement, and values in parenthesis indicate the number of variables (n) included in each type. CI95%: indicate 95% confidence intervals. For more details see text and Supplementary Information.
Figure 3:
Three special cases of variables type BIA-0: a) CRP (a subtype “+” variable), b) F/BR, and c) %AM, the latter two, subtype “−”. See text for more details.
Table SI-1:
Complete list of variables included in the study (n=44) with units, type, subtype and medians. In the LG, a single measurement was carried out, while, in the OG, measurements were taken at four different times (T1-T4, see Figure 1 in the main text). Data of the two OG subgroups (COG and EOG) were pulled together, and pre and post values were considered as follows: pre values, for the EOG, were those taken at week 1 (T1) and, for the COG group, those taken at week 8 (T3); post values for the EOG were those taken at week 3 (T2), and, for the COG, those taken at week 10 (T4). The list is ordered by the last column, which shows the relative change (as %) of the median value of each variable in the week following the treatment (post) compared to those taken in the previous week (pre).
| No. | Name | Units | Type | Sub-type | LG (n=8) | Treated OG (n=11) | Post - pre- | P-value | Significance | Medians normalised against LG | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre- | Post- | LG | pre | post | Post - pre | % | |||||||||
| 1 | C-reactive protein | mg/l | BIA-0 | + | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.5 | −3.7 | 4.3E-06 | Yes | 100.0 | 2100.0 | 260.0 | −1840.0 | −87.6 |
| 2 | Triglycerides | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 82.0 | 177.0 | 79.0 | −98.0 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 215.9 | 96.3 | −119.5 | −55.4 |
| 3 | Thyroid stimulating hormone | uIU/ml | BIA-0 | + | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.5 | −1.8 | 4.9E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 206.5 | 93.5 | −112.9 | −54.7 |
| 4 | Very-low density lipoprotein | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 23.1 | 34.6 | 20.8 | −13.8 | 2.2E-06 | Yes | 100.0 | 149.8 | 90.0 | −59.7 | −39.9 |
| 5 | Total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein ratio | ------ | BIA-0 | + | 2.2 | 3.6 | 2.6 | −1.0 | 4.2E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 163.2 | 117.3 | −45.9 | −28.1 |
| 6 | Low-density lipoprotein | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 43.5 | 88.6 | 64.4 | −24.2 | 1.1E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 203.7 | 148.0 | −55.6 | −27.3 |
| 7 | Tecumseh test heart rate | #/min | BIA-0 | + | 85.0 | 108.0 | 86.0 | −22.0 | 1.8E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 127.1 | 101.2 | −25.9 | −20.4 |
| 8 | Total cholesterol | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 121.7 | 163.7 | 134.0 | −29.7 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 134.5 | 110.1 | −24.4 | −18.1 |
| 9 | Resting heart rate | #/min | BIA-0 | + | 70.0 | 84.0 | 72.0 | −12.0 | 9.0E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 120.0 | 102.9 | −17.1 | −14.3 |
| 10 | Fat/lean ratio | ------ | BIA-2 | + | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | −0.1 | 3.0E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 153.7 | 132.4 | −21.3 | −13.9 |
| 11 | Fasting blood glucose | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 77.0 | 93.0 | 81.0 | −12.0 | 5.9E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 120.8 | 105.2 | −15.6 | −12.9 |
| 12 | FMI (fat mass index) | % | BIA-2 | + | 5.7 | 9.7 | 8.5 | −1.2 | 2.1E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 168.8 | 147.9 | −20.9 | −12.4 |
| 13 | Waist perimeter | cm | BIA-0 | + | 75.2 | 93.0 | 84.2 | −8.8 | 1.1E-08 | Yes | 100.0 | 123.7 | 112.0 | −11.7 | −9.5 |
| 14 | Systolic blood pressure | mmHg | BIA-0 | + | 109.0 | 121.0 | 110.0 | −11.0 | 5.1E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 111.0 | 100.9 | −10.1 | −9.1 |
| 15 | Diastolic blood pressure | mmHg | BIA-0 | + | 70.0 | 78.0 | 71.0 | −7.0 | 3.2E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 111.4 | 101.4 | −10.0 | −9.0 |
| 16 | Waist perimeter/height ratio | ------ | BIA-0 | + | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 3.2E-08 | Yes | 100.0 | 118.8 | 108.3 | −10.4 | −8.8 |
| 17 | Percentage body fat mass | % | BIA-2 | + | 23.6 | 34.5 | 31.9 | −2.6 | 2.1E-10 | Yes | 100.0 | 146.2 | 135.2 | −11.0 | −7.5 |
| 18 | Z5 (electrical impedance at 5 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 794.0 | 711.0 | 666.0 | −45.0 | 1.2E-01 | No | 100.0 | 89.5 | 83.9 | −5.7 | −6.3 |
| 19 | Z20 (electrical impedance at 20 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 769.0 | 681.0 | 639.0 | −42.0 | 1.1E-01 | No | 100.0 | 88.6 | 83.1 | −5.5 | −6.2 |
| 20 | Body mass index | kg/m2 | BIA-0 | + | 21.3 | 28.0 | 26.3 | −1.7 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 131.5 | 123.7 | −7.9 | −6.0 |
| 21 | Z50 (electrical impedance at 50 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 711.5 | 611.0 | 577.0 | −34.0 | 9.7E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.9 | 81.1 | −4.8 | −5.6 |
| 22 | R50 (electrical resistance at 50 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 707.4 | 606.2 | 572.7 | −33.5 | 9.5E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.7 | 81.0 | −4.7 | −5.5 |
| 23 | Z100 (electrical impedance at 100 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 692.0 | 593.0 | 561.0 | −32.0 | 9.5E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.7 | 81.1 | −4.6 | −5.4 |
| 24 | Z200 (electrical impedance at 200 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 648.5 | 554.0 | 525.0 | −29.0 | 9.2E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.4 | 81.0 | −4.5 | −5.2 |
| 25 | Weight | kg | BIA-0 | + | 52.1 | 69.9 | 66.5 | −3.4 | 4.3E-11 | Yes | 100.0 | 134.3 | 127.8 | −6.5 | −4.9 |
| 26 | Impedance ratio (IR) times 10 | ------ | BIA-1 | + | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.8 | −0.1 | 1.7E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 104.1 | 102.3 | −1.8 | −1.8 |
| Age | years | BIA-0 | 22.0 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 0.0 | 6.3E-02 | No | 100.0 | 103.0 | 103.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Height | cm | BIA-0 | 155.4 | 160.2 | 160.5 | 0.3 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 103.1 | 103.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
| 1 | Fat-free hydration | % | BIA-1 | - | 69.6 | 67.3 | 67.8 | 0.5 | 3.6E-01 | No | 100.0 | 96.8 | 97.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| 2 | Muscle mass index | ------ | BIA-1 | - | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 5.7E-01 | No | 100.0 | 116.9 | 119.9 | 3.0 | 2.6 |
| 3 | Total body water | % | BIA-2 | - | 52.4 | 44.2 | 46.0 | 1.8 | 7.1E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 84.4 | 87.8 | 3.4 | 4.0 |
| 4 | Phase angle | ° | BIA-1 | - | 7.6 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 1.3E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 89.9 | 93.8 | 3.9 | 4.4 |
| 5 | Lean mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 70.1 | 59.9 | 62.8 | 2.9 | 1.1E-02 | Yes | 100.0 | 85.5 | 89.6 | 4.1 | 4.8 |
| 6 | Active cell mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 44.8 | 38.2 | 40.6 | 2.4 | 8.4E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 85.3 | 90.6 | 5.3 | 6.2 |
| 7 | Extracellular water | % | BIA-2 | - | 19.0 | 15.9 | 17.0 | 1.1 | 1.3E-02 | Yes | 100.0 | 83.3 | 89.1 | 5.8 | 7.0 |
| 8 | Intracellular water | % | BIA-2 | - | 29.2 | 23.7 | 25.5 | 1.8 | 1.6E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 81.2 | 87.3 | 6.1 | 7.5 |
| 9 | Skeletal muscle mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 36.9 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 2.6 | 4.5E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 87.8 | 95.0 | 7.2 | 8.2 |
| 10 | Metabolic protein mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 14.4 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 1.1 | 2.5E-01 | No | 100.0 | 90.3 | 98.2 | 7.9 | 8.8 |
| 11 | High-density lipoprotein | mg/dl | BIA-0 | - | 54.5 | 45.0 | 52.0 | 7.0 | 1.4E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 82.6 | 95.4 | 12.8 | 15.6 |
| 12 | Xc50 (capacitive reactance at 50 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | - | 77.6 | 71.1 | 82.2 | 11.1 | 1.0E-01 | No | 100.0 | 91.6 | 105.9 | 14.3 | 15.7 |
| 13 | Modified Wells sit-and-reach test | cm | BIA-0 | - | 41.1 | 28.0 | 33.0 | 5.0 | 7.1E-08 | Yes | 100.0 | 68.1 | 80.3 | 12.2 | 17.9 |
| 14 | Maximal hand grip strength | kg | BIA-0 | - | 33.1 | 25.8 | 32.7 | 6.9 | 1.4E-06 | Yes | 100.0 | 77.9 | 98.8 | 20.8 | 26.7 |
| 15 | Firmicutes/bacteroidota ratio | ------ | BIA-0 | - | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 2.1E-01 | No | 100.0 | 51.2 | 84.3 | 33.2 | 64.9 |
| 16 | Relative prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila | % | BIA-0 | - | 1.1 | 0.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 1.5E-02 | Yes | 100.0 | 9.0 | 568.6 | 559.6 | 6197.8 |
Table SI-2.
Main products consumed during the 6-day treatment, indicating daily intake, caloric content, and macronutrient composition (protein, carbohydrates, and fat).
| Product | Daily intake | Units | Calories | Protein (g) | Carbohydrates (g) | Fat (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almond milk | 250 | ml | 37.5 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 |
| Apple juice | 415 | ml | 207.5 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 5.0 |
| Apple vinegar | 100 | ml | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Avocado | 80 | g | 143.0 | 1.2 | 8.0 | 7.3 |
| Bee honey | 75 | ml | 249.0 | 0.4 | 61.8 | 0.1 |
| Broth made of ginger, carrot, celery, mushroom, parsley, spinach, and pumpkin. | 250 | ml | 52.0 | 1.4 | 9.2 | 0.4 |
| Coca tea | 100 | ml | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Cold pressed 100% vegetable juice made of peppermint, apple, cucumber & wheatgrass. | 500 | ml | 92.0 | 1.0 | 21.1 | 11.0 |
| Granulated kola (multivitamin supplement) | 15 | g | 52.5 | 0.0 | 11.6 | 1.2 |
| Greek yogurt | 100 | g | 66.6 | 7.3 | 0.6 | 8.6 |
| Kefir/kombucha | 20 | ml | 12.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
| Liquid chlorophyll | 30 | ml | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| Liquid chocolate | 200 | ml | 93.0 | 0.7 | 6.3 | 1.0 |
| Montmorillonite (clay) | 15 | g | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Papaya | 160 | g | 64.0 | 0.8 | 13.1 | 0.0 |
| Psyllium | 15 | g | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Quinoa powder | 15 | g | 56.0 | 2.1 | 22.5 | 0.0 |
| Total | 1149.9 | 16.6 | 207.4 | 35.6 |
Table SI-3.
List of abbreviations and symbols.
| “−” | Subtype of variables whose increase can be considered as beneficial |
| “+” | Subtype of variables whose decrease can be considered as beneficial |
| %AM | Relative prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria |
| %BF | Percentage of body fat |
| BIA | Bioelectrical impedance analysis |
| BIA-0 | Type of variables not involving BIA values |
| BIA-1 | Type of electrical measured/calculated BIA variables |
| BIA-2 | Type of variables combining BIA-0 an BIA-1 values |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| CBCS | Bioethical Committee of Health Sciences (Comité de Bioética de Ciencias para la Salud, in Spanish) |
| CI95% | Confidence interval at 95% level |
| CNCDs | Chronic non communicable diseases |
| COG | Control (sub)group of overweight volunteers |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| EOG | Experimental (sub)group of overweight volunteers |
| F/BR | Firmicutes/bacteroidota ratio |
| HDL | High density lipoprotein or “good” cholesterol |
| IMB | Intestinal microbiota |
| IR | Impedance ratio (Z200/Z5) |
| LDL | Low density lipoprotein or "bad" cholesterol |
| LG | Group of lean volunteers |
| OG | Group of overweight volunteers |
| PhA | Phase angle at 50 kHz |
| R50 | Electrical resistance (or real part of the impedance, Z’) at 50 kHz in ohm (Ω) |
| SD | Standard deviation |
| SI | Supplementary information |
| T1 | Time of first measurements (week 1) |
| T2 | Time of second measurements (week 4) |
| T3 | Time of third measurements (week 8) |
| T4 | Time of fourth measurements (week 10) |
| TG | Triglycerides |
| Xc50 | Electrical reactance (or imaginary part of Z, Z”) at 50 kHz in Ω (ohm) |