Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Main products consumed during the 6-day treatment, indicating daily intake, caloric content, and macronutrient composition (protein, carbohydrates, and fat)_
| Product | Daily intake | Units | Calories | Protein (g) | Carbohydrates (g) | Fat (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almond milk | 250 | ml | 37.5 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 |
| Apple juice | 415 | ml | 207.5 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 5.0 |
| Apple vinegar | 100 | ml | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Avocado | 80 | g | 143.0 | 1.2 | 8.0 | 7.3 |
| Bee honey | 75 | ml | 249.0 | 0.4 | 61.8 | 0.1 |
| Broth made of ginger, carrot, celery, mushroom, parsley, spinach, and pumpkin. | 250 | ml | 52.0 | 1.4 | 9.2 | 0.4 |
| Coca tea | 100 | ml | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Cold pressed 100% vegetable juice made of peppermint, apple, cucumber & wheatgrass. | 500 | ml | 92.0 | 1.0 | 21.1 | 11.0 |
| Granulated kola (multivitamin supplement) | 15 | g | 52.5 | 0.0 | 11.6 | 1.2 |
| Greek yogurt | 100 | g | 66.6 | 7.3 | 0.6 | 8.6 |
| Kefir/kombucha | 20 | ml | 12.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
| Liquid chlorophyll | 30 | ml | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| Liquid chocolate | 200 | ml | 93.0 | 0.7 | 6.3 | 1.0 |
| Montmorillonite (clay) | 15 | g | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Papaya | 160 | g | 64.0 | 0.8 | 13.1 | 0.0 |
| Psyllium | 15 | g | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Quinoa powder | 15 | g | 56.0 | 2.1 | 22.5 | 0.0 |
| Total | 1149.9 | 16.6 | 207.4 | 35.6 |
Complete list of variables included in the study (n=44) with units, type, subtype and medians_ In the LG, a single measurement was carried out, while, in the OG, measurements were taken at four different times (T1-T4, see Figure 1 in the main text)_ Data of the two OG subgroups (COG and EOG) were pulled together, and pre and post values were considered as follows: pre values, for the EOG, were those taken at week 1 (T1) and, for the COG group, those taken at week 8 (T3); post values for the EOG were those taken at week 3 (T2), and, for the COG, those taken at week 10 (T4)_ The list is ordered by the last column, which shows the relative change (as %) of the median value of each variable in the week following the treatment (post) compared to those taken in the previous week (pre)_
| No. | Name | Units | Type | Sub-type | LG (n=8) | Treated OG (n=11) | Post - pre- | P-value | Significance | Medians normalised against LG | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre- | Post- | LG | pre | post | Post - pre | % | |||||||||
| 1 | C-reactive protein | mg/l | BIA-0 | + | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.5 | −3.7 | 4.3E-06 | Yes | 100.0 | 2100.0 | 260.0 | −1840.0 | −87.6 |
| 2 | Triglycerides | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 82.0 | 177.0 | 79.0 | −98.0 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 215.9 | 96.3 | −119.5 | −55.4 |
| 3 | Thyroid stimulating hormone | uIU/ml | BIA-0 | + | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.5 | −1.8 | 4.9E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 206.5 | 93.5 | −112.9 | −54.7 |
| 4 | Very-low density lipoprotein | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 23.1 | 34.6 | 20.8 | −13.8 | 2.2E-06 | Yes | 100.0 | 149.8 | 90.0 | −59.7 | −39.9 |
| 5 | Total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein ratio | ------ | BIA-0 | + | 2.2 | 3.6 | 2.6 | −1.0 | 4.2E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 163.2 | 117.3 | −45.9 | −28.1 |
| 6 | Low-density lipoprotein | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 43.5 | 88.6 | 64.4 | −24.2 | 1.1E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 203.7 | 148.0 | −55.6 | −27.3 |
| 7 | Tecumseh test heart rate | #/min | BIA-0 | + | 85.0 | 108.0 | 86.0 | −22.0 | 1.8E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 127.1 | 101.2 | −25.9 | −20.4 |
| 8 | Total cholesterol | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 121.7 | 163.7 | 134.0 | −29.7 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 134.5 | 110.1 | −24.4 | −18.1 |
| 9 | Resting heart rate | #/min | BIA-0 | + | 70.0 | 84.0 | 72.0 | −12.0 | 9.0E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 120.0 | 102.9 | −17.1 | −14.3 |
| 10 | Fat/lean ratio | ------ | BIA-2 | + | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | −0.1 | 3.0E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 153.7 | 132.4 | −21.3 | −13.9 |
| 11 | Fasting blood glucose | mg/dl | BIA-0 | + | 77.0 | 93.0 | 81.0 | −12.0 | 5.9E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 120.8 | 105.2 | −15.6 | −12.9 |
| 12 | FMI (fat mass index) | % | BIA-2 | + | 5.7 | 9.7 | 8.5 | −1.2 | 2.1E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 168.8 | 147.9 | −20.9 | −12.4 |
| 13 | Waist perimeter | cm | BIA-0 | + | 75.2 | 93.0 | 84.2 | −8.8 | 1.1E-08 | Yes | 100.0 | 123.7 | 112.0 | −11.7 | −9.5 |
| 14 | Systolic blood pressure | mmHg | BIA-0 | + | 109.0 | 121.0 | 110.0 | −11.0 | 5.1E-05 | Yes | 100.0 | 111.0 | 100.9 | −10.1 | −9.1 |
| 15 | Diastolic blood pressure | mmHg | BIA-0 | + | 70.0 | 78.0 | 71.0 | −7.0 | 3.2E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 111.4 | 101.4 | −10.0 | −9.0 |
| 16 | Waist perimeter/height ratio | ------ | BIA-0 | + | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 3.2E-08 | Yes | 100.0 | 118.8 | 108.3 | −10.4 | −8.8 |
| 17 | Percentage body fat mass | % | BIA-2 | + | 23.6 | 34.5 | 31.9 | −2.6 | 2.1E-10 | Yes | 100.0 | 146.2 | 135.2 | −11.0 | −7.5 |
| 18 | Z5 (electrical impedance at 5 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 794.0 | 711.0 | 666.0 | −45.0 | 1.2E-01 | No | 100.0 | 89.5 | 83.9 | −5.7 | −6.3 |
| 19 | Z20 (electrical impedance at 20 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 769.0 | 681.0 | 639.0 | −42.0 | 1.1E-01 | No | 100.0 | 88.6 | 83.1 | −5.5 | −6.2 |
| 20 | Body mass index | kg/m2 | BIA-0 | + | 21.3 | 28.0 | 26.3 | −1.7 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 131.5 | 123.7 | −7.9 | −6.0 |
| 21 | Z50 (electrical impedance at 50 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 711.5 | 611.0 | 577.0 | −34.0 | 9.7E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.9 | 81.1 | −4.8 | −5.6 |
| 22 | R50 (electrical resistance at 50 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 707.4 | 606.2 | 572.7 | −33.5 | 9.5E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.7 | 81.0 | −4.7 | −5.5 |
| 23 | Z100 (electrical impedance at 100 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 692.0 | 593.0 | 561.0 | −32.0 | 9.5E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.7 | 81.1 | −4.6 | −5.4 |
| 24 | Z200 (electrical impedance at 200 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | + | 648.5 | 554.0 | 525.0 | −29.0 | 9.2E-02 | No | 100.0 | 85.4 | 81.0 | −4.5 | −5.2 |
| 25 | Weight | kg | BIA-0 | + | 52.1 | 69.9 | 66.5 | −3.4 | 4.3E-11 | Yes | 100.0 | 134.3 | 127.8 | −6.5 | −4.9 |
| 26 | Impedance ratio (IR) times 10 | ------ | BIA-1 | + | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.8 | −0.1 | 1.7E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 104.1 | 102.3 | −1.8 | −1.8 |
| Age | years | BIA-0 | 22.0 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 0.0 | 6.3E-02 | No | 100.0 | 103.0 | 103.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Height | cm | BIA-0 | 155.4 | 160.2 | 160.5 | 0.3 | 9.8E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 103.1 | 103.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
| 1 | Fat-free hydration | % | BIA-1 | - | 69.6 | 67.3 | 67.8 | 0.5 | 3.6E-01 | No | 100.0 | 96.8 | 97.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| 2 | Muscle mass index | ------ | BIA-1 | - | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 5.7E-01 | No | 100.0 | 116.9 | 119.9 | 3.0 | 2.6 |
| 3 | Total body water | % | BIA-2 | - | 52.4 | 44.2 | 46.0 | 1.8 | 7.1E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 84.4 | 87.8 | 3.4 | 4.0 |
| 4 | Phase angle | ° | BIA-1 | - | 7.6 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 1.3E-04 | Yes | 100.0 | 89.9 | 93.8 | 3.9 | 4.4 |
| 5 | Lean mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 70.1 | 59.9 | 62.8 | 2.9 | 1.1E-02 | Yes | 100.0 | 85.5 | 89.6 | 4.1 | 4.8 |
| 6 | Active cell mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 44.8 | 38.2 | 40.6 | 2.4 | 8.4E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 85.3 | 90.6 | 5.3 | 6.2 |
| 7 | Extracellular water | % | BIA-2 | - | 19.0 | 15.9 | 17.0 | 1.1 | 1.3E-02 | Yes | 100.0 | 83.3 | 89.1 | 5.8 | 7.0 |
| 8 | Intracellular water | % | BIA-2 | - | 29.2 | 23.7 | 25.5 | 1.8 | 1.6E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 81.2 | 87.3 | 6.1 | 7.5 |
| 9 | Skeletal muscle mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 36.9 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 2.6 | 4.5E-03 | Yes | 100.0 | 87.8 | 95.0 | 7.2 | 8.2 |
| 10 | Metabolic protein mass | % | BIA-2 | - | 14.4 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 1.1 | 2.5E-01 | No | 100.0 | 90.3 | 98.2 | 7.9 | 8.8 |
| 11 | High-density lipoprotein | mg/dl | BIA-0 | - | 54.5 | 45.0 | 52.0 | 7.0 | 1.4E-07 | Yes | 100.0 | 82.6 | 95.4 | 12.8 | 15.6 |
| 12 | Xc50 (capacitive reactance at 50 kHz) | Ω | BIA-1 | - | 77.6 | 71.1 | 82.2 | 11.1 | 1.0E-01 | No | 100.0 | 91.6 | 105.9 | 14.3 | 15.7 |
| 13 | Modified Wells sit-and-reach test | cm | BIA-0 | - | 41.1 | 28.0 | 33.0 | 5.0 | 7.1E-08 | Yes | 100.0 | 68.1 | 80.3 | 12.2 | 17.9 |
| 14 | Maximal hand grip strength | kg | BIA-0 | - | 33.1 | 25.8 | 32.7 | 6.9 | 1.4E-06 | Yes | 100.0 | 77.9 | 98.8 | 20.8 | 26.7 |
| 15 | Firmicutes/bacteroidota ratio | ------ | BIA-0 | - | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 2.1E-01 | No | 100.0 | 51.2 | 84.3 | 33.2 | 64.9 |
| 16 | Relative prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila | % | BIA-0 | - | 1.1 | 0.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 1.5E-02 | Yes | 100.0 | 9.0 | 568.6 | 559.6 | 6197.8 |
List of abbreviations and symbols_
| “−” | Subtype of variables whose increase can be considered as beneficial |
| “+” | Subtype of variables whose decrease can be considered as beneficial |
| %AM | Relative prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria |
| %BF | Percentage of body fat |
| BIA | Bioelectrical impedance analysis |
| BIA-0 | Type of variables not involving BIA values |
| BIA-1 | Type of electrical measured/calculated BIA variables |
| BIA-2 | Type of variables combining BIA-0 an BIA-1 values |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| CBCS | Bioethical Committee of Health Sciences (Comité de Bioética de Ciencias para la Salud, in Spanish) |
| CI95% | Confidence interval at 95% level |
| CNCDs | Chronic non communicable diseases |
| COG | Control (sub)group of overweight volunteers |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| EOG | Experimental (sub)group of overweight volunteers |
| F/BR | Firmicutes/bacteroidota ratio |
| HDL | High density lipoprotein or “good” cholesterol |
| IMB | Intestinal microbiota |
| IR | Impedance ratio (Z200/Z5) |
| LDL | Low density lipoprotein or "bad" cholesterol |
| LG | Group of lean volunteers |
| OG | Group of overweight volunteers |
| PhA | Phase angle at 50 kHz |
| R50 | Electrical resistance (or real part of the impedance, Z’) at 50 kHz in ohm (Ω) |
| SD | Standard deviation |
| SI | Supplementary information |
| T1 | Time of first measurements (week 1) |
| T2 | Time of second measurements (week 4) |
| T3 | Time of third measurements (week 8) |
| T4 | Time of fourth measurements (week 10) |
| TG | Triglycerides |
| Xc50 | Electrical reactance (or imaginary part of Z, Z”) at 50 kHz in Ω (ohm) |