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Early thrombus detection in ECMO with optimized impedance measurements: A simulative study Cover

Early thrombus detection in ECMO with optimized impedance measurements: A simulative study

Open Access
|Jul 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

’HLS Module Advanced’ oxygenator by Maquet Cardiopulmonary GmbH (Rastatt, Germany).
’HLS Module Advanced’ oxygenator by Maquet Cardiopulmonary GmbH (Rastatt, Germany).

Figure 2:

The generated FEM model of the oxygenator with a sample electrode array (depicted in green) and separation grid (depicted in blue). Red is used to number visualized electrodes.
The generated FEM model of the oxygenator with a sample electrode array (depicted in green) and separation grid (depicted in blue). Red is used to number visualized electrodes.

Figure 3:

A sample generated electrode array with highlighted radials.
A sample generated electrode array with highlighted radials.

Figure 4:

Examples of electrode pairs for inter-plane and intra-plane sensing.
Examples of electrode pairs for inter-plane and intra-plane sensing.

Figure 5:

Targets for NN training data generation in red and separation grid in blue.
Targets for NN training data generation in red and separation grid in blue.

Figure 6:

3D thrombus occurrence likelihood distribution with a sample set of generated thrombi.
3D thrombus occurrence likelihood distribution with a sample set of generated thrombi.

Figure 7:

Time course of loss for electrode array optimization NN training.
Time course of loss for electrode array optimization NN training.

Figure 8:

Electrode array for optimal feature values (left) and adjusted electrode array (right).
Electrode array for optimal feature values (left) and adjusted electrode array (right).

Figure 9:

Information about spatial arrangement of used pairs of the adjusted electrode array.
Information about spatial arrangement of used pairs of the adjusted electrode array.

Figure 10:

Time course of accuracy for thrombus detection NN training.
Time course of accuracy for thrombus detection NN training.

Figure 11:

Confusion matrix for the thrombus-detection NN. Class #1 corresponds to thrombi not present and class #2 corresponds to thrombi present.
Confusion matrix for the thrombus-detection NN. Class #1 corresponds to thrombi not present and class #2 corresponds to thrombi present.

Figures of merit chosen for position optimization NN training_

FeatureExplanation
medianJminJ \[\frac{medianJ}{\min J}\] J homogeneity
maxσkminσk \frac{\text{max} \sigma_{k}}{\text{min} \sigma_{k}} J condition number
medianΔVminΔV \frac{\text{median} \Delta \text{V}}{min \Delta \text{V}} ∆Vr measurement homogeneity

Overview of the FEM model component properties_

PartConductivityCharacteristics
BG6.62 × 10−1 S·m−19 × 9 × 5 cm
Clot6.62 × 10−2 S·m−1Spherical targets
SG1 ×10−6 S·m−1Rod diameter 0.4 cm

Overview of measurement-selection methods and counts_

MaximizationNumber of measurements
Parallelotope volume144
L1-norm32
L2-norm32

Overview of layers for an electrode position optimization NN_

#Layer typeLayer information
1input layer3-element vector
2FC layer254 neurons
3ReLU layeractivation layer
4FC layer203 neurons
5ReLU layeractivation layer
6FC layer48 neurons
7regression layerdetermine positions

Overview of layers for a thrombus detection NN_

#Layer typeLayer information
1input layer208-element vector
2FC layer200 neurons
3ReLU layeractivation layer
4FC layer100 neurons
5ReLU layeractivation layer
6FC layer2 neurons
7softmax layerto probabilities
8classification layermore probable class
Language: English
Page range: 80 - 88
Submitted on: Feb 20, 2025
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Published on: Jul 1, 2025
Published by: University of Oslo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Filip Slapal, Diogo F. Silva, Steffen Leonhardt, Marian Walter, published by University of Oslo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.