Fig.1:

Fig.2:
![Smart needle positioned in the sciatic nerve [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T114838Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=27a8d2fed73889eabf09044493f9533f504bdc486b5795823b165e8ad0d7e122&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig.3:
![Schematic of possible needle position within a nerve structure for bioimpedance measurement [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T114838Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8a8c12c66314fe76681f9a1aa824213e71345c782c36f16a91d3b97129889eda&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig.4:

Fig.5:

Fig.6:

Fig.7:

Fig.8:


![Smart needle positioned in the sciatic nerve [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T114838Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=27a8d2fed73889eabf09044493f9533f504bdc486b5795823b165e8ad0d7e122&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Schematic of possible needle position within a nerve structure for bioimpedance measurement [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T114838Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8a8c12c66314fe76681f9a1aa824213e71345c782c36f16a91d3b97129889eda&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)





© 2023 Edel Whelton, Lisa Helen, Brian O’Donnell, Martin O’Sullivan, Justina Ugwah, Walter Messina, Yineng Wang, Niamh O’Mahoney, Eric Moore, published by University of Oslo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.