Fig.1:

Fig.2:
![Smart needle positioned in the sciatic nerve [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHQBRQUXV%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T133444Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGwaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIEoXmSwpibts6VbJKH1X8QFZL6P2Lyjf7Z0Z3dj36CY6AiBnAXBC1UULBB%2BwymGYnEFJSGUPgU7RyFVemjvSGYA90iq8BQg1EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMFrguYVxk2bjDcdafKpkFY3TqU2fX3l6BZ4HVoOeGAervQ%2FzfMOJu46bLheuzgn5MLzWNI9VRfKV%2FGuQq2xX838xFDIzP%2FTUUIYz008DRM5vgEtdN3fHfhN6t%2FN3ERSKROj8v%2B9HYaTMHLoY9e1hIaHALoyErt0hPoqj9qZdEWgvVB0z8dODCsh%2FQ28Oq4u8vA2iObvUxqzuK8S%2BKyHnVKNr7CUnI1eXOxY7wTNME0kiaUBc3vuTE8hQSDkmzwuazUkX74e47M%2B%2FZ%2BmuiQufUWslFbfk9Tmj4lZ4dI8bmDkgxISvhVHqTgQmKpB9jv6lIZoaEVui8poWw6VF9%2F5uSAYZ5kzq%2BYKgfqfgc91SHSHBV7iiLlJzPSwKmEjVvJczBLlMC0Zn0wXFSoM5hxcqJBiJ3%2B2VdAvd7sydkJhPTHcNik72IOk4I7vyOzT%2B5l3IVFk4KRxnpf%2BDjKnv6a%2FBjz19GILAwa2VFW4BcV9LUwub3eXfOGUguynFn%2FwjMdaOkk9N61o7H0Vsif1NAR9flGG1bdcimxASoGYW40xjyciDqVXytF6oIyqvDuUCSDf6%2FsA8%2BALJkjWJ7oNkbG%2FtVjIA1bs4kgpgfsrJl7FUvufWU0wD8t4kA2P70ly0h5LhxnHpSX5mf8wgaLWwKrtwdajXXnkiUnwx4E5nUIvc9UnQqUNb1S9P0EPfPMcKlKnxN1kbjMeBT9LeJuxVzDSVH0ii4VHMFtCkTabPE0iaTCZQKTH2imNwUPgSySHuiT02Nd7Wns8vTE91LxIXKwpD4p6EjAz30B7kcNkMZQ0zFMkVcAgsrRiMHez%2FZSqgkdjZZEJKsXlxxFJuMPCNJIhYeAhKTky6wxmeY3c2YHYYUXptOg3OQ67TYEjFaRh5SnRoaaBP%2BioXgFP4w4O%2F0zQY6sgG3UFhtLyPLmjDewdqinkbr9bUk%2BwN%2F1PHOTPBKUpmebw%2B8UupMYiJT26irvewTzK27RrUaWXAkKN3w12E6BRKpMjhd0lCW8oIMwSBzDybNP9sefUnR6oHSsyKTML5oFX8FiEf%2FixkZmBRGBZMgjLkISr13UM7HZVPvIjA%2FguTU8GN4DMOM1%2BSgQrKVnKQF6ozdiuBUi8DP556gU72bFwC1XOEbrobtthzC6vBWkCJrgm3Q&X-Amz-Signature=4d0c8d4516d7bca13884f1f5c03d9d833507e46047eb9f84de5c06a6f0450f07&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig.3:
![Schematic of possible needle position within a nerve structure for bioimpedance measurement [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHQBRQUXV%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T133444Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGwaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIEoXmSwpibts6VbJKH1X8QFZL6P2Lyjf7Z0Z3dj36CY6AiBnAXBC1UULBB%2BwymGYnEFJSGUPgU7RyFVemjvSGYA90iq8BQg1EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMFrguYVxk2bjDcdafKpkFY3TqU2fX3l6BZ4HVoOeGAervQ%2FzfMOJu46bLheuzgn5MLzWNI9VRfKV%2FGuQq2xX838xFDIzP%2FTUUIYz008DRM5vgEtdN3fHfhN6t%2FN3ERSKROj8v%2B9HYaTMHLoY9e1hIaHALoyErt0hPoqj9qZdEWgvVB0z8dODCsh%2FQ28Oq4u8vA2iObvUxqzuK8S%2BKyHnVKNr7CUnI1eXOxY7wTNME0kiaUBc3vuTE8hQSDkmzwuazUkX74e47M%2B%2FZ%2BmuiQufUWslFbfk9Tmj4lZ4dI8bmDkgxISvhVHqTgQmKpB9jv6lIZoaEVui8poWw6VF9%2F5uSAYZ5kzq%2BYKgfqfgc91SHSHBV7iiLlJzPSwKmEjVvJczBLlMC0Zn0wXFSoM5hxcqJBiJ3%2B2VdAvd7sydkJhPTHcNik72IOk4I7vyOzT%2B5l3IVFk4KRxnpf%2BDjKnv6a%2FBjz19GILAwa2VFW4BcV9LUwub3eXfOGUguynFn%2FwjMdaOkk9N61o7H0Vsif1NAR9flGG1bdcimxASoGYW40xjyciDqVXytF6oIyqvDuUCSDf6%2FsA8%2BALJkjWJ7oNkbG%2FtVjIA1bs4kgpgfsrJl7FUvufWU0wD8t4kA2P70ly0h5LhxnHpSX5mf8wgaLWwKrtwdajXXnkiUnwx4E5nUIvc9UnQqUNb1S9P0EPfPMcKlKnxN1kbjMeBT9LeJuxVzDSVH0ii4VHMFtCkTabPE0iaTCZQKTH2imNwUPgSySHuiT02Nd7Wns8vTE91LxIXKwpD4p6EjAz30B7kcNkMZQ0zFMkVcAgsrRiMHez%2FZSqgkdjZZEJKsXlxxFJuMPCNJIhYeAhKTky6wxmeY3c2YHYYUXptOg3OQ67TYEjFaRh5SnRoaaBP%2BioXgFP4w4O%2F0zQY6sgG3UFhtLyPLmjDewdqinkbr9bUk%2BwN%2F1PHOTPBKUpmebw%2B8UupMYiJT26irvewTzK27RrUaWXAkKN3w12E6BRKpMjhd0lCW8oIMwSBzDybNP9sefUnR6oHSsyKTML5oFX8FiEf%2FixkZmBRGBZMgjLkISr13UM7HZVPvIjA%2FguTU8GN4DMOM1%2BSgQrKVnKQF6ozdiuBUi8DP556gU72bFwC1XOEbrobtthzC6vBWkCJrgm3Q&X-Amz-Signature=1f5ffdf880afac34286ceac54070530be721b6ed948fe356c0836349d912ae4a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig.4:

Fig.5:

Fig.6:

Fig.7:

Fig.8:


![Smart needle positioned in the sciatic nerve [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHQBRQUXV%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T133444Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGwaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIEoXmSwpibts6VbJKH1X8QFZL6P2Lyjf7Z0Z3dj36CY6AiBnAXBC1UULBB%2BwymGYnEFJSGUPgU7RyFVemjvSGYA90iq8BQg1EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMFrguYVxk2bjDcdafKpkFY3TqU2fX3l6BZ4HVoOeGAervQ%2FzfMOJu46bLheuzgn5MLzWNI9VRfKV%2FGuQq2xX838xFDIzP%2FTUUIYz008DRM5vgEtdN3fHfhN6t%2FN3ERSKROj8v%2B9HYaTMHLoY9e1hIaHALoyErt0hPoqj9qZdEWgvVB0z8dODCsh%2FQ28Oq4u8vA2iObvUxqzuK8S%2BKyHnVKNr7CUnI1eXOxY7wTNME0kiaUBc3vuTE8hQSDkmzwuazUkX74e47M%2B%2FZ%2BmuiQufUWslFbfk9Tmj4lZ4dI8bmDkgxISvhVHqTgQmKpB9jv6lIZoaEVui8poWw6VF9%2F5uSAYZ5kzq%2BYKgfqfgc91SHSHBV7iiLlJzPSwKmEjVvJczBLlMC0Zn0wXFSoM5hxcqJBiJ3%2B2VdAvd7sydkJhPTHcNik72IOk4I7vyOzT%2B5l3IVFk4KRxnpf%2BDjKnv6a%2FBjz19GILAwa2VFW4BcV9LUwub3eXfOGUguynFn%2FwjMdaOkk9N61o7H0Vsif1NAR9flGG1bdcimxASoGYW40xjyciDqVXytF6oIyqvDuUCSDf6%2FsA8%2BALJkjWJ7oNkbG%2FtVjIA1bs4kgpgfsrJl7FUvufWU0wD8t4kA2P70ly0h5LhxnHpSX5mf8wgaLWwKrtwdajXXnkiUnwx4E5nUIvc9UnQqUNb1S9P0EPfPMcKlKnxN1kbjMeBT9LeJuxVzDSVH0ii4VHMFtCkTabPE0iaTCZQKTH2imNwUPgSySHuiT02Nd7Wns8vTE91LxIXKwpD4p6EjAz30B7kcNkMZQ0zFMkVcAgsrRiMHez%2FZSqgkdjZZEJKsXlxxFJuMPCNJIhYeAhKTky6wxmeY3c2YHYYUXptOg3OQ67TYEjFaRh5SnRoaaBP%2BioXgFP4w4O%2F0zQY6sgG3UFhtLyPLmjDewdqinkbr9bUk%2BwN%2F1PHOTPBKUpmebw%2B8UupMYiJT26irvewTzK27RrUaWXAkKN3w12E6BRKpMjhd0lCW8oIMwSBzDybNP9sefUnR6oHSsyKTML5oFX8FiEf%2FixkZmBRGBZMgjLkISr13UM7HZVPvIjA%2FguTU8GN4DMOM1%2BSgQrKVnKQF6ozdiuBUi8DP556gU72bFwC1XOEbrobtthzC6vBWkCJrgm3Q&X-Amz-Signature=4d0c8d4516d7bca13884f1f5c03d9d833507e46047eb9f84de5c06a6f0450f07&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Schematic of possible needle position within a nerve structure for bioimpedance measurement [11].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721ec0215d2f6c89dbc9a8/j_joeb-2023-0007_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHQBRQUXV%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T133444Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGwaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIEoXmSwpibts6VbJKH1X8QFZL6P2Lyjf7Z0Z3dj36CY6AiBnAXBC1UULBB%2BwymGYnEFJSGUPgU7RyFVemjvSGYA90iq8BQg1EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMFrguYVxk2bjDcdafKpkFY3TqU2fX3l6BZ4HVoOeGAervQ%2FzfMOJu46bLheuzgn5MLzWNI9VRfKV%2FGuQq2xX838xFDIzP%2FTUUIYz008DRM5vgEtdN3fHfhN6t%2FN3ERSKROj8v%2B9HYaTMHLoY9e1hIaHALoyErt0hPoqj9qZdEWgvVB0z8dODCsh%2FQ28Oq4u8vA2iObvUxqzuK8S%2BKyHnVKNr7CUnI1eXOxY7wTNME0kiaUBc3vuTE8hQSDkmzwuazUkX74e47M%2B%2FZ%2BmuiQufUWslFbfk9Tmj4lZ4dI8bmDkgxISvhVHqTgQmKpB9jv6lIZoaEVui8poWw6VF9%2F5uSAYZ5kzq%2BYKgfqfgc91SHSHBV7iiLlJzPSwKmEjVvJczBLlMC0Zn0wXFSoM5hxcqJBiJ3%2B2VdAvd7sydkJhPTHcNik72IOk4I7vyOzT%2B5l3IVFk4KRxnpf%2BDjKnv6a%2FBjz19GILAwa2VFW4BcV9LUwub3eXfOGUguynFn%2FwjMdaOkk9N61o7H0Vsif1NAR9flGG1bdcimxASoGYW40xjyciDqVXytF6oIyqvDuUCSDf6%2FsA8%2BALJkjWJ7oNkbG%2FtVjIA1bs4kgpgfsrJl7FUvufWU0wD8t4kA2P70ly0h5LhxnHpSX5mf8wgaLWwKrtwdajXXnkiUnwx4E5nUIvc9UnQqUNb1S9P0EPfPMcKlKnxN1kbjMeBT9LeJuxVzDSVH0ii4VHMFtCkTabPE0iaTCZQKTH2imNwUPgSySHuiT02Nd7Wns8vTE91LxIXKwpD4p6EjAz30B7kcNkMZQ0zFMkVcAgsrRiMHez%2FZSqgkdjZZEJKsXlxxFJuMPCNJIhYeAhKTky6wxmeY3c2YHYYUXptOg3OQ67TYEjFaRh5SnRoaaBP%2BioXgFP4w4O%2F0zQY6sgG3UFhtLyPLmjDewdqinkbr9bUk%2BwN%2F1PHOTPBKUpmebw%2B8UupMYiJT26irvewTzK27RrUaWXAkKN3w12E6BRKpMjhd0lCW8oIMwSBzDybNP9sefUnR6oHSsyKTML5oFX8FiEf%2FixkZmBRGBZMgjLkISr13UM7HZVPvIjA%2FguTU8GN4DMOM1%2BSgQrKVnKQF6ozdiuBUi8DP556gU72bFwC1XOEbrobtthzC6vBWkCJrgm3Q&X-Amz-Signature=1f5ffdf880afac34286ceac54070530be721b6ed948fe356c0836349d912ae4a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)





© 2023 Edel Whelton, Lisa Helen, Brian O’Donnell, Martin O’Sullivan, Justina Ugwah, Walter Messina, Yineng Wang, Niamh O’Mahoney, Eric Moore, published by University of Oslo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.