Evaluation of novel beverage formulations for hydration enhancement in humans

Tinsley, Grant M.; Siedler, Madelin R.; Rodriguez, Christian; Harty, Patrick S.; Stratton, Matthew T.; White, Sarah J.; Keith, Dale S.; Green, Jacob J.; Boykin, Jake R.; Williams, Abegale D.; DeHaven, Brielle; Brojanac, Alexandra; Tinoco, Ethan

doi:10.2478/joeb-2023-0002

Figures & Tables

Chemical structure of alpha-cyclodextrin. Image courtesy of pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Change in Phase Angle. * indicates p < 0.05 (actual p-values were 0.004 for the 30-minute time point and 0.024 for the 45-minute time point).

Change in R0. * indicates p < 0.05 (the precise p-value was p < 0.001).

Change in Ri. * indicates p < 0.05 (the precise p-value was p = 0.008).

Changes in Body Mass. * indicates p < 0.05

Mixed Model Coefficients for Changes in Phase Angle, R0, and Ri_ The table below displays mixed model coefficients, with values presented in % change relative to baseline_

	Phase Angle			R₀			Ri
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	0	−1.62 – 1.62	1	0	-0.76 – 0.76	1	0	−2.19 – 2.19	1
Condition [AFstill]	0	−2.05 – 2.05	1	0	−0.96 – 0.96	1	0	−2.99 – 2.99	1
Condition [AFspark]	0	−2.05 – 2.05	1	0	−0.96 – 0.96	1	0	−2.99 – 2.99	1
Time [30]	3.04	2.26 – 3.82	<0.001	4.85	4.55 – 5.15	<0.001	−1.08	−2.22 – 0.06	0.062
Time [45]	4.16	3.10 – 5.22	<0.001	6.58	6.17 – 6.99	<0.001	−2.27	−3.81 – −0.72	0.004
Time [60]	4.82	3.57 – 6.07	<0.001	7.45	6.96 – 7.95	<0.001	−2.6	−4.42 – −0.77	0.005
Time [75]	5.19	3.80 – 6.59	<0.001	7.74	7.19 – 8.30	<0.001	−3.18	−5.21 – -1.14	0.002
Time [90]	5.04	3.53 – 6.54	<0.001	7.94	7.33 – 8.54	<0.001	−2.42	−4.62 – -0.22	0.031
Time [105]	4.99	3.39 – 6.59	<0.001	8.11	7.46 – 8.76	<0.001	−2.53	−4.86 – -0.20	0.033
Time [120]	4.48	2.81 – 6.15	<0.001	8.19	7.50 – 8.87	<0.001	−1.32	−3.76 – 1.12	0.287
Time [135]	4.59	2.86 – 6.32	<0.001	8.18	7.47 – 8.90	<0.001	−1.4	−3.93 – 1.12	0.275
Time [150]	4.7	2.92 – 6.48	<0.001	8.26	7.51 – 9.00	<0.001	−2.01	−4.60 – 0.59	0.13
Condition [AFstill] *Time [30]	1.62	0.52 – 2.72	0.004	0	−0.42 – 0.42	0.993	−2.18	−3.79 – −0.58	0.008
Condition [AFspark] *Time [30]	0.86	−0.24 – 1.96	0.127	0.77	0.35 – 1.19	<0.001	0.45	−1.15 – 2.06	0.579
Condition [AFstill] *Time [45]	1.73	0.23 – 3.23	0.024	0.15	−0.43 – 0.73	0.607	−1.87	−4.05 – 0.32	0.095
Condition [AFspark] *Time [45]	0.57	−0.93 – 2.06	0.459	0.51	−0.08 – 1.09	0.089	0.88	−1.31 – 3.06	0.433
Condition [AFstill] *Time [60]	1.25	−0.52 – 3.02	0.167	0.11	−0.58 – 0.81	0.747	−1.25	−3.84 – 1.33	0.341
Condition [AFspark] *Time [60]	0.51	−1.26 – 2.28	0.569	0.34	−0.35 – 1.04	0.335	0.8	−1.79 – 3.38	0.546
Condition [AFstill] *Time [75]	1.22	−0.75 – 3.19	0.224	0.18	−0.61 – 0.96	0.653	−0.87	−3.75 – 2.01	0.552
Condition [AFspark] *Time [75]	0.09	−1.88 – 2.07	0.926	0.46	−0.32 – 1.25	0.248	1.81	−1.07 – 4.69	0.218
Condition [AFstill] *Time [90]	1.01	−1.12 – 3.14	0.353	0.19	−0.67 – 1.05	0.667	−0.94	−4.05 – 2.17	0.552
Condition [AFspark] *Time [90]	0.4	−1.73 – 2.53	0.713	0.4	−0.46 – 1.26	0.361	0.76	−2.36 – 3.87	0.634
Condition [AFstill] *Time [105]	1.46	−0.80 – 3.72	0.206	0.06	−0.86 – 0.98	0.894	−1.16	−4.45 – 2.14	0.49
Condition [AFspark] *Time [105]	0.03	−2.23 – 2.29	0.981	0.11	−0.81 – 1.03	0.816	1.29	−2.00 – 4.59	0.441
Condition [AFstill] *Time [120]	1.68	−0.68 – 4.05	0.162	−0.05	−1.02 – 0.92	0.92	−2.21	−5.65 – 1.24	0.209
Condition [AFspark] *Time [120]	0.52	−1.84 – 2.88	0.665	0.14	−0.83 – 1.11	0.771	0.13	−3.31 – 3.58	0.939
Condition [AFstill] *Time [135]	1.64	−0.81 – 4.09	0.189	0.02	−0.99 – 1.03	0.97	−2	−5.57 – 1.57	0.271
Condition [AFspark] *Time [135]	0.1	−2.35 – 2.55	0.937	0.19	−0.83 – 1.20	0.716	0.71	−2.86 – 4.28	0.697
Condition [AFstill] *Time [150]	1.44	−1.08 – 3.96	0.262	−0.03	−1.08 – 1.02	0.954	−1.18	−4.85 – 2.49	0.527
Condition [AFspark] *Time [150]	0	−2.52 – 2.51	0.997	0.16	−0.89 – 1.21	0.763	1.42	−2.25 – 5.09	0.447

Participant characteristics_ Thirty participants (n=16 females; n=14 males) completed the study_

	Mean ± SD
Age (y)	23.2 ± 3.7
Height (cm)	169.2 ± 7.9
Weight (kg)	70.2 ± 13.8
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 3.3
Body fat (%)	24.1 ± 8.5

Evaluation of novel beverage formulations for hydration enhancement in humans

Figures & Tables

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Mixed Model Coefficients for Changes in Phase Angle, R0, and Ri_ The table below displays mixed model coefficients, with values presented in % change relative to baseline_

Participant characteristics_ Thirty participants (n=16 females; n=14 males) completed the study_

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