Fig.1
Position of the electrodes for (a) the whole-body BIS (whBIS) and (b) knee-to-knee BIS (kkBIS) measurements. Four electrodes were used for each of the BIS methods, i.e. two for current injection I(t) and two for voltage sensing V(t).
Table 1
Pre-dialysis physical and clinical characteristics. Data are means ± SD from 20 patients (40 measurements).
| Baseline Characteristics | Hemodialysispatients | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Stable (n = 10) | Unstable (n = 10) | p | |
| Gender, % female | 20.0 | 50.0 | 0.350 |
| Age, years | 63.3 ± 15.8 | 60.7 ± 16.4 | 0.722 |
| Height, cm | 174.7 ± 7.9 | 165.8 ± 9.0 | 0.030 |
| Weight, kg | 83.6 ± 8.3 | 69.5 ± 17.3 | 0.038 |
| BMI, Kg / m2 | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 25.4 ± 6.8 | 0.398 |
| Dialysis duration, min | 234.0 ± 19.0 | 222.0 ± 29.0 | 0.290 |
| Ultrafiltration Rate, ml / h | 557.5 ± 305.7 | 564.2 ± 235.1 | 0.957 |
| UFV, mL | 2252.0 ± 1226.9 | 2300.0 ± 1091.4 | 0.927 |
| SysBP, mmHg | 123.7 ± 17.2 | 125.4 ± 19.1 | 0.836 |
| DiaBP, mmHf | 71.5 ± 14.6 | 64.1 ± 11.6 | 0.226 |
| ECFwhBIS, L | 21.6 ± 2.4 | 17.3 ± 3.9 | 0.009 |
| ECFkkBIS, L | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.769 |
| Body temperature, °C | 36.0 ± 0.6 | 35.9 ± 0.4 | 0.688 |
| O2 saturation, % | 96.9 ± 2.4 | 96.6 ± 2.7 | 0.796 |
| Plasma Na+, mmol / L | 136.8 ± 2.1 | 136.7 ± 2.7 | 0.928 |
| Plasma K+, mmol / L | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 0.530 |
| Plasma ionized Ca2+, mmol / L | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.461 |
| Plasma glucose, mmol / L | 121.4 ± 27.8 | 124.6 ± 31.3 | 0.809 |
[i] BMI: body mass index, UFV: ultrafiltration volume, SysBP: systolic blood pressure, DiaBP: diastolic blood pressure, ECF: extracellular fluid.
Fig.2
Relationship of relative changes in different BIS parameters estimated on basis of pre-HD and post-HD values from kkBIS and whBIS methods. The relative changes were calculated as (|pre-HD – post-HD|)/pre-HD x 100 for (a) ΔRe (%), (b) ΔRe/UFV (%/L), (c) ΔECF (%) and (d) ΔECF (%) according to [15, 16]. Each patient has two entries.
Fig.3
Graphs showing the trends (mean±SD) in the patient groups for (a) relative change in knee-to-knee extracellular resistance (ΔRe,kkBIS), (b) relative change in total body extracellular resistance (ΔRe,whBSI), both normalized by UFV (removed during the corresponding time interval), (c) the ratio of ΔRe,kkBIS to ΔRe,whBIS, and (d) the relative changes in extracellular fluid (ΔECF, %) measured by kkBIS and whBIS during the time course of the treatment.
Fig.4
Pre-HD to post-HD comparison of (a-b) relative changes in Re,kkBIS (%) and Re,whBIS (%), respectively, with changes of patient weight (%). Pre-HD to post-HD comparison of (c-d) changes in ΔECFkkBIS (L) or ΔECFwhBIS (L), respectively, with cumulative ultrafiltration volume (UFV, L). Each patient has two entries.
Fig.5
Data (mean ± SD) showing the accumulative changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) associated with accumulative ultrafiltration volume (UFV) as recorded by the dialysis machine during treatment at the time points 30, 60, 90, 120,150 and 180 min from the start of dialysis. SD lines were omitted from the graph to maintain visual clarity.