Figure 1
Figure 2
The classification and statistical analysis of patients based on lumbar spine BMD values_
| Parameter | Type | N | Mean ± SD [Min, Max] | Osteopenia | Osteoporosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | Normal | 21 | 60.2 ± 9.68 [43, 79] | NS | NS |
| Osteopenia | 22 | 57.7 ± 9.1 [45, 86] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | 60.4 ± 8.88 [47, 69] | - | - | |
| Age at Menopause (year) | Normal | 21 | 48.4 ± 5.2 [40, 58] | NS | NS |
| Osteopenia | 22 | 46.05 ± 3.6 [40, 52] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | 45.6 ± 7.01 [40, 57] | - | - | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Normal | 21 | 30.76 ± 5.51 [19.82, 43.57] | NS | NS |
| Osteopenia | 22 | 29.97 ± 6.02 [16.41, 43.42] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | 25.25 ± 1.33 [24.03, 27.33] | - | - | |
| Dominant arm Characteristic Frequency (kHz) | Normal | 21 | 51.72 ± 8.57 [39.92, 69.57] | NS | P < 0.005 |
| Osteopenia | 22 | 55.91 ± 10.01 [39.96, 75,68] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | 65.42 ± 12.96 [57.98, 88.30] | - | - | |
| Total Lumbar Spine BMD (g∙cm-2) | Normal | 21 | 1.048 ± 0.08 [0.934, 1.259] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 22 | 0.855 ± 0.05 [0.784, 0.929] | - | P < 0.001 | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | 0.732 ± 0.04 [0.694, 0.773] | - | - | |
| Total Lumbar Spine Z Scores | Normal | 21 | 1.52 ± 1.08 [-0.4, 3.6] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 22 | -0.53 ± 0.6 [-1.5, 0.9] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | -1.4 ± 0.89 [-2.7, 0.5] | - | - | |
| Total Lumbar Spine T Scores | Normal | 21 | 0.0 ± 0.78 [-1.0, 1.9] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 22 | -1.8 ± 0.43 [-2.4, -1.1] | - | P < 0.001 | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | -2.86 ± 0.34 [-3.2, -2.5] | - | - | |
| Total Lumbar BMC (g) | Normal | 21 | 59.36 ± 8.31 [45.88, 80.05] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 22 | 46.94 ± 5.44 [39.56, 60.49] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 5 | 39.7 ± 6.52 [32.98, 49.6] | - | - |
The disagreement between DXA results from hip and lumbar spine regions_ Lumbar spine and hip DXA results were consistent in 26 participants_
| Number of Patients | Hip Results | Lumbar Results |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | Osteopenia | Normal |
| 13 | Normal | Osteopenia |
| 1 | Osteoporosis | Osteopenia |
| 4 | Osteopenia | Osteoporosis |
| 1 | Osteoporosis | Normal |
The classification and statistical analysis of patients based on hip BMD values_
| Parameter | Type | N | Mean ± SD [Min, Max] | Osteopenia | Osteoporosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | Normal | 30 | 60.2 ± 10.1 [45, 86] | NS | NS |
| Osteopenia | 15 | 58.1 ± 6.2 [49, 69] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | 25.8 ± 3.5 [43, 68] | - | - | |
| Age at Menopause (year) | Normal | 30 | 47.4 ± 4.9 [40, 58] | NS | NS |
| Osteopenia | 15 | 47.4 ± 4.5 [40, 57] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | 41.0 ± 1.0 [40, 42] | - | - | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Normal | 30 | 32.05 ± 4.51 [24.46, 43.57] | P < 0.001 | NS |
| Osteopenia | 15 | 26.01 ± 5.81 [16.41, 37.89] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | 25.77 ± 3.49 [23.12, 29.72] | - | - | |
| Dominant arm Characteristic Frequency (kHz) | Normal | 30 | 51.63 ±8.48 [39.92, 71.35] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 15 | 59.69 ± 11.41 [43.12, 88.30] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | 66.40 ± 6.32 [59.14, 70.70] | - | - | |
| Total Hip BMD (g∙cm-2) | Normal | 30 | 0.939 ± 0.1 [0.821, 1.232] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 15 | 0.736 ± 0.05 [0.657, 0.805] | - | P < 0.001 | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | 0.569 ± 0.07 [0.497, 0.631] | - | - | |
| Total Hip Z Scores | Normal | 30 | 0.9 ± 0.7 [-0.1, 2.6] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 15 | -0.8 ± 0.41 [-1.7, -0.1] | - | P < 0.001 | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | -2.4 ± 0.86 [-3.30, -1.6] | - | - | |
| Total Hip T Scores | Normal | 30 | -0.1 ± 0.74 [-1.0, 1.7] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 15 | -1.7 ± 0.39 [-2.3, -1.1] | - | P < 0.001 | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | -3.0 ± 0.55 [-3.6, -2.5] | - | - | |
| Total Hip BMC (g) | Normal | 30 | 33.40 ± 7.25 [26, 62.03] | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Osteopenia | 15 | 23.86 ± 2.13 [21.4, 28.2] | - | NS | |
| Osteoporosis | 3 | 20.03 ± 4.04 [15.7, 23.7] | - | - |
ROC curve analysis_
| Area Under Curve (AUC) [95% CI] | Significance level P | Cut-off Dominant Arm Characteristic Frequency (kHz) | Sensitivity (%) [95% CI] | Specificity (%) [95% CI] | Youden’s Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic Frequency (osteoporosis vs. normal & osteopenia) (hip) | 0.87 [0.60-1.00] | < 0.005 | 58.58 | 100.0 [100.0100.0] | 75.6 [63.0-88.1] | 0.756 |
| Characteristic Frequency (osteoporosis vs. normal & osteopenia) (lumbar) | 0.80 [0.55-1.0] | 0.0085 | 57.07 | 100.0 [100.0-100.0] | 69.8 [56.0-83.5] | 0.698 |
| Characteristic Frequency (normal vs. osteopenia and osteoporosis) (hip) | 0.76 [0.62-0.91] | < 0.001 | 54.0 | 72.2 [51.5-92.9] | 73.3 [57.5-89.2] | 0.456 |
| Characteristic Frequency (normal vs. osteopenia and osteoporosis) (lumbar) | 0.66 [0.51-0.82] | 0.0184 | 50.43 | 74.1 [57.5-90.6] | 52.4 [31.0-73.7] | 0.2654 |
| Characteristic Frequency (normal vs. osteoporosis) (hip) | 0.91 [0.79 – 1.0] | < 0.001 | 59.14 | 83.3 [70.0 - 96.7] | 100.0 [100.0 – 100.0] | 0.8333 |
| Characteristic Frequency (normal vs. osteoporosis) (lumbar) | 0.87 [0.72 – 1.0] | < 0.001 | 57.98 | 76.2 [58.0 – 94.4] | 100.0 [100.0 – 100.0] | 0.7619 |
| Characteristic Frequency (normal vs. osteopenia) (hip) | 0.74 [0.59 – 0.88] | < 0.001 | 52.79 | 63.3 [46.1 – 80.6] | 80.0 [59.8 – 100.0] | 0.4333 |
| Characteristic Frequency (normal vs. osteopenia) (lumbar) | 0.62 [0.45 – 0.79] | 0.09 | - | - | - | - |
| Characteristic Frequency (osteopenia vs osteoporosis) (hip) | 0.78 [0.45 – 1.0] | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
| Characteristic Frequency (osteopenia vs osteoporosis) (lumbar) | 0.73 [0.46 – 1.0] | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
The relationship between lumbar spine or hip BMD, the dominant arm characteristic frequency, age, and age at menopause_
| Subjects | Relationship | Number of Subjects | Spearman Correlation Coefficient | Significance level P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Total Hip BMD and Total Lumbar BMD | 48 | 0.5503 | < 0.0001 |
| Total Hip BMD and Characteristic Frequency | 48 | -0.5311 | < 0.0001 | |
| Total Lumbar BMD and Characteristic Frequency | 48 | -0.3669 | 0.0107 | |
| Total Hip BMC and Characteristic Frequency | 48 | -0.4340 | < 0.005 | |
| Total Lumbar BMC and Characteristic Frequency | 48 | -0.4699 | < 0.001 | |
| Normal (hip) | 30 | -0.2598 | 0.1657 | |
| Osteopenia (hip) | Total Hip BMD and Characteristic Frequency | 15 | -0.3607 | 0.1870 |
| Osteoporosis (hip) | 3 | 0.5000 | 1 | |
| Normal (lumbar) | 21 | -0.2143 | 0.3493 | |
| Osteopenia (lumbar) | Total Lumbar BMD and Characteristic Frequency | 22 | -0.0785 | 0.7280 |
| Osteoporosis (lumbar) | 5 | -0.5000 | 0.4500 | |
| Normal (hip) | 30 | -0.0954 | 0.6146 | |
| Osteopenia (hip) | Total Hip BMC and Characteristic Frequency | 15 | -0.3429 | 0.2110 |
| Osteoporosis (hip) | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.3333 | |
| Normal (lumbar) | 21 | -0.2403 | 0.2928 | |
| Osteopenia (lumbar) | Total Lumbar BMC and Characteristic Frequency | 22 | -0.4207 | 0.0524 |
| Osteoporosis (lumbar) | 5 | -0.6000 | 0.3500 | |
| All | Age and Characteristic Frequency | 48 | 0.1183 | 0.4233 |
| Age and Total Hip BMD | 48 | -0.1223 | 0.4076 | |
| Age and Total Lumbar BMD | 48 | 0.0558 | 0.7064 | |
| All | Age at Menopause and Characteristic Frequency | 48 | -0.0250 | 0.8659 |
| Age at Menopause and Total Hip BMD | 48 | 0.1297 | 0.3797 | |
| Age at Menopause and Total Lumbar BMD | 48 | 0.0752 | 0.6115 | |
| Normal (hip) | 30 | -0.5150 | 0.0036 | |
| Osteopenia (hip) | Age and Total Hip BMD | 15 | -0.3396 | 0.2155 |
| Osteoporosis (hip) | 3 | -0.5000 | 1 | |
| Normal (lumbar) | 21 | 0.0988 | 0.6700 | |
| Osteopenia (lumbar) | Age and Total Lumbar BMD | 22 | -0.0295 | 0.8964 |
| Osteoporosis (lumbar) | 5 | 0.6669 | 0.2667 | |
| Normal (hip) | 30 | 0.1782 | 0.3461 | |
| Osteopenia (hip) | Age at Menopause and Total Hip BMD | 15 | 0.3971 | 0.1427 |
| Osteoporosis (hip) | 3 | 0.5000 | 1 | |
| Normal (lumbar) | 21 | 0.1461 | 0.5275 | |
| Osteopenia (lumbar) | Age at Menopause and Total Lumbar BMD | 22 | -0.1380 | 0.5402 |
| Osteoporosis (lumbar) | 5 | -0.4000 | 0.5167 |