References
- AGGRP (2025, April 3). Energy Statistics India 2025: Tabled India’s critical energy potential. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://aggrp.in/energy-statistics-india-2025-tabled-indias-critical-energy-potential.
- Ahmed, S. D., Al-Ismail, F. S., Shafiullah, M., Al-Sulaiman, F. A., & El-Amin, I. M. (2020). Grid integration challenges of wind energy: A review. IEEE Access, 8, 10857–10878. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2964896.
- Aisyah, B. N., Baskoro, D. P. T., & Murtilaksono, K. (2022). Pendugaan Erosi Tanah dan Perencanaan Tutupan Lahan Hulu DAS Jeneberang, Sulawesi Selatan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 27(2), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.2.302.
- Badea, N., & Vlad, C. (2025). Empirical life cycle analysis (LCA) of wind turbines. Discover Applied Sciences, 7(6), 580 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-07052-8.
- Basack, S., Podder, S., Dutta, S., & Lucchi, E. (2025). Performance Analysis and Numerical Modeling of Mechanical and Electrical Components in a Rooftop Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine. Energies, 18(7), 1-29 https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071623.
- Basack, S., Dutta, S., & Saha, D. (2022). Installation and performance study of a vertical-axis wind turbine prototype model. Sustainability, 14(23), 16084 https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316084.
- Behabtu, H. A., Vafaeipour, M., Kebede, A., Berecibar, M., Van Mierlo, J., Fante, K. A., Messagie, M., & Coosemans, T. (2023). Smoothing Intermittent Output Power in Grid-Connected Doubly FedInduction Generator Wind Turbines with Li-Ion Batteries. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227637.
- Bilgili, M., Tumse, S., Tontu, M., & Şahin, B. (2021). Effect of Growth in Turbine Size on Rotor Aerodynamic Performance of Modern Commercial Large-Scale Wind Turbines. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 46, 7185–7195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05364-6.
- Bitner-Gregersen, E., et al. (2018). Comparison of wind and wave climate in open sea and coastal waters. Ocean Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2018.10.016.
- Borah, U., Jain, C., & Sane, R. (2025). Pumped Storage Plants in India: Assessing Policies and Progress (No. 12). https://trustbridge.in/work/pumped-storage-plants-in-india-assessing-policies-and-progress.
- Bhushan, C., Bhati, P., Sreenivasan, P., Sing, M., Jhawar, P., Koshy, M. S., & Sambyal, S. (2019). The State of Renewable Energy in India. Centre for Science and Environment: New Delhi, India.
- Climate Samurai. (n.d.). West Bengal – Renewable energy developments and updates. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://climatesamurai.com/tag/west-bengal/.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Marrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158501-17
- Central Pollution Control Board. (n.d.). CEPI technical reports. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://cpcb.nic.in/cepi-technical-reports/.
- Delfos Energy. (n.d.). Reuse, recycling and disposal of wind turbine parts: An investigation into industry practices. https://www.delfos.energy/blog-posts/reuse-recycling-and-disposal-of-wind-turbine-parts-an-investigation-into-industry-practices.
- Diez-Cañamero, B., & Mendoza, J. (2023). Circular economy performance and carbon footprint of wind turbine blade waste management alternatives. Waste Management, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.041
- Durgadevi, G., Nalawade, M. K., Sharma, K., Nishanthi, N., Shnain, A. H., Sutar, V., & Sujatha, M. S. (2024). Integration of Energy Storage with Wind Power Conversion Systems: Enhancing Grid Stability. In E3S Web of Conferences, 591, 02004. EDP Sciences.
- DST-CPR. (2025). Energy transition in West Bengal: Progress, challenges, and policy insights. Department of Science and Technology – Centre for Policy Research. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://dstcpr.niser.ac.in/documents/publications/2025/reports/Energy%20Transition%20in%20West%20Bengal.pdf.
- Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (n.d.). Circularity indicators methodology. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://content.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/m/77e62bc9924c20d0/original/Circularity-Indicators-Methodology.pdf.
- Ganvir, P., Karthikeyan, G., & Balamurugan, M. (2022). Design and analysis of spiral wind turbine with various wind speeds. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 9(3), 2073–2077. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V9/i3/IRJET-V9I3379.pdf.
- Gode, P. R., & Aspelund, A. (2024). Addressing heterogeneity in the development of circular economy strategies in the offshore wind industry: A review. Heliyon, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon2024.e39577.
- Government of West Bengal, Department of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources. (2012). Renewable energy policy of West Bengal. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.wbgedcl.in/renewable-energy-policy-of-west-bengal/.
- Hamdan, H., Dol, S. S., Gomaa, A. H., Al Tahhan, A. B., Al Ramahi, A., Turkmani, H. F., Alkhedher, M., & Ajaj, R. (2023). Experimental and numerical study of novel vortex bladeless wind turbine with an economic feasibility analysis and investigation of environmental benefits. Energies, 17(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010214.
- Hasheminezhad, A., Nazari, Z., Yang, B., Ceylan, H., & Kim, S. (2024). A comprehensive review of sustainable solutions for reusing wind turbine blade waste materials. Journal of Environmental Management, 366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121735.
- Heng, H., Meng, F., & McKechnie, J. (2021). Wind turbine blade wastes and the environmental impacts in Canada. Waste Management, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.032.
- IEA Wind TCP. (2026). Circular economy for wind supply chains (Technical Report). International Energy Agency. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://iea-wind.org/publications.
- Immendoerfer, A., Tietze, I., Hottenroth, H., & Viere, T. (2017). Life-cycle impacts of pumped hydropower storage and battery storage. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 8, 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40095-017-0237-5.
- International Organization for Standardization. (2024). ISO 59020:2024 – Circular economy — Measuring and assessing circularity performance. ISO. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.iso.org/standard/80650.html.
- Jasińska, D., & Dutkiewicz, M. (2025). Waste Management of Wind Turbine Blades—A Review of Recycling Methods and Applications in Cementitious Composites. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030805.
- Jensen, J., & Skelton, K. (2018). Wind turbine blade recycling: Experiences, challenges and possibilities in a circular economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.08.041.
- Jinying, L., Sisi, L., & Wu, F. (2020). Research on carbon emission reduction benefit of wind power project based on life cycle assessment theory. Renewable Energy, 155, 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.133.
- Klemeš, J., Foley, A., You, F., Aviso, K., Su, R., & Bokhari, A. (2023). Sustainable energy integration within the circular economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113143.
- Kio, P., & Anumba, C. (2024). Circularity: a workflow for reusing waste wind turbine blades. Built Environment Project and Asset Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/bepam-07-2023-0137.
- Krochmalny, K., Wnukowski, M., Hardy, T., Czerep, M., & Rusin, M. (2025). Characterization of the products from waste wind turbine blades thermal utilization. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 26(5). https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/199466.
- Leon, M. (2023). Recycling of wind turbine blades: Recent developments. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100746.
- Liu, P., & Barlow, C. (2017). Wind turbine blade waste in 2050. Waste Management, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.007.
- Mahela, O. P., & Shaik, A. G. (2016). Comprehensive overview of grid interfaced wind energy generation systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 260-281 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.048.
- Manwell, J. F., McGowan, J. G., & Rogers, A. L. (2010). Wind energy explained: theory, design and application. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119994367.
- Mendoza, J., Gallego-Schmid, A., Velenturf, A., Jensen, P., & Ibarra, D. (2022). Circular economy business models and technology management strategies in the wind industry. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112523.
- Mendoza, J., & Ibarra, D. (2023). Technology-enabled circular business models for the hybridisation of wind farms. Sustainable Production and Consumption. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.01.011.
- Mendoza, J., & Pigosso, D. (2023). How ready is the wind energy industry for the circular economy? Sustainable Production and Consumption. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.10.016.
- Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. (n.d.). Physical progress (achievements). Government of India. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://mnre.gov.in/en/physical-progress/.
- NITI Aayog. (n.d.). India Climate and Energy Dashboard (ICED). Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://iced.niti.gov.in/.
- Oswal, P. (2018). Bladeless Wind Turbine. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 6, 2549–2553. https://doi.org/10.22214/IJRASET.2018.3576.
- Panda, S., Dash, K., Ranjan, R., Bhoi, A., & Das, J. (2017). Design of a bladeless wind turbine. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR), 2(4), 187–190. Retrieved from https://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR1704028.pdf.
- Podder, S., Basack, S., & Dasgupta, A. (2025). Installation and experimentation of a vertical axis wind turbine for domestic purpose. In Proceedings of the 39th Indian Engineering Congress: Irresistible India—a Global Engineering Powerhouse, Kolkata, India, April 2025.
- Podder, S., & Basack, S. (2024). Vertical axis wind turbine for domestic applications. In Proceedings of the Indian Engineering Congress 2023, Jabalpur, India, January 2024.
- Press Information Bureau. (2025, March 29). Release of publication “Energy Statistics India 2025”. Government of India. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2116510.
- Rediff News. (2025, February 12). West Bengal aims for 20% renewable energy by 2030. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://money.rediff.com/news/market/west-bengal-aims-for-20-renewable-energy-by-030/22145520250212.
- Ribnitzky, D., Berger, F., Petrović, V., & Kühn, M. (2024). Hybrid-Lambda: a low-specific-rating rotor concept for offshore wind turbines. Wind Energy Science. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-359-2024.
- Royuela, D., Martínez, J. D., López, J. M., Callén, M. S., García, T., Verdejo, R., Murillo, R., & Veses, A. (2024). Pursuing the circularity of wind turbine blades: thermochemical recycling. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 181, 106657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106657.
- SENEDS. (n.d.). Wind energy in West Bengal. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://seneds.com/wind-energy-in-west-bengal/.
- Shafiee, M. (2024). Circular Economy and Autonomous Remanufacturing for End-of-Life Offshore Wind Turbines. In Fera, M. et al. (Eds.), Advances in Remanufacturing (IWAR 2023). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52649-7_28.
- Shen, Y., Sarkodie, E. A., & Zhu, Y. (2023). Recycling and recovery of fiber-reinforced polymer composites for end-of-life wind turbine blade management. Green Chemistry, 25(23), 9644–9658. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3GC03479H.
- Song, J.-L., Li, J.-W., & Flay, R. G. J. (2020). Field measurements and wind tunnel investigation of wind characteristics at a bridge site in a Y-shaped valley. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 202, 104199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104199.
- Spini, F., & Bettini, P. (2024). End-of-Life wind turbine blades: Review on recycling strategies. Composites Part B: Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111290.
- Sproul, E. G., Khalifa, S. A., & Ennis, B. L. (2024). Environmental and Economic Assessment of Wind Turbine Blade Recycling Approaches. ACS Sustainable Resource Management, 2(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00256.
- Tamura, Y., Suda, K., Sasaki, A., Iwatani, Y., Fujii, K., Ishibashi, R., & Hibi, K. (2001). Simultaneous measurements of wind speed profiles. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 89, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00085-4.
- Tayebi, S., Sambucci, M., & Valente, M. (2024). Waste Management of Wind Turbine Blades: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114517.
- The Plurals News Network. (2024, September 21). West Bengal has potential to become India’s new powerhouse of renewable energy: Study. Telegraph India. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/west-bengal-has-potential-to-become-indias-new-powerhouse-of-renewable-energy-study/cid/2049503.
- Tyurkay, A., Kirkelund, G., & Lima, A. (2024). State-of-the-art circular economy practices for end-of-life wind turbine blades. Sustainable Production and Consumption. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.03.018.
- Ullah, F., Zhang, X., Khan, M., Mastoi, M. S., Munir, H. M., Flah, A., & Said, Y. (2024). A comprehensive review of wind power integration and energy storage technologies for modern grid frequency regulation. Heliyon, 10(9), e30466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30466.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2024). Guidelines for measuring circular economy: Part A – Conceptual framework, indicators and measurement framework. United Nations. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://unece.org/statistics/publications/guidelines-measuring-circular-economy-part-conceptual-framework-indicators
- Velenturf, A. (2021). A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175540.
- Venkatramakrishnan, R., Pandey, J. K., Mondal, A. K., & Karn, A. (2020). Low speed wind turbines for power generation: A review. https://semarakilmu.com.my/journals/index.php/fluid_mechanics_thermal_sciences/article/view/3766.
- Vestas Wind Systems A/S. (2020, October 6). Vestas introduces low-wind variant suited for India’s wind market and expands its production footprint in the country [Press release]. Vestas. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.vestas.com/en/media/company-news/2020/vestas-introduces-low-wind-variant-suited-for-india-s-w-c3211237.
- Vestas Wind Systems A/S. (2021). Life cycle assessment of electricity production from an offshore V236-15 MW wind plant. Aarhus, Denmark: Vestas Wind Systems A/S. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://shorturl.at/PGP4n.
- Wang, B., Chen, G., Dong, Y., Guo, H., Widenmeyer, M., Huang, Z., Zhou, Y., & Weidenkaff, A. (2025). Wind turbine blade recycling for greener and sustainable wind energy. Nature Reviews Materials, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-025-00797-z.
- West Bengal Green Energy Development Corporation Limited. (n.d.). Renewable energy policy of West Bengal. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.wbgedcl.in/renewable-energy-policy-of-west-bengal/.
- West Bengal Green Energy Development Corporation Limited. (2012). Renewable energy policy of West Bengal. Department of Power & Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.wbgedcl.in/renewable-energy-policy-of-west-bengal/.
- West Bengal New and Renewable Energy Development Agency. (n.d.). Official website. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://nres.wb.gov.in.
- West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency. (n.d.). About WBREDA. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved October 26, 2025, from https://www.wbreda.org/.